Difference between revisions of "Imperatives"
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*For a definition of Imperatives see [[Imperative Mood (definition)]]. | *For a definition of Imperatives see [[Imperative Mood (definition)]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Overview== | ||
The imperative paradigm for the verb 'to put' is as follows: | The imperative paradigm for the verb 'to put' is as follows: | ||
| − | {| | + | {|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |
|''cuirim'' | |''cuirim'' | ||
|let me put | |let me put | ||
| Line 22: | Line 24: | ||
| − | Even though there are imperative forms for all different person and number features on the verb, the youth tend to only use the second person singular and plural. | + | Even though there are imperative forms for all different person and number features on the verb, the youth tend to only use the second person singular and plural. |
| + | |||
| + | There are three main types of ''deference'' in SG imperatives, ranging from a very polite request to an overt command: | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | '''Most polite:''' | ||
| + | {| | ||
| + | |Nach | ||
| + | |dèan | ||
| + | |sibh | ||
| + | |suidhe? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |NEG | ||
| + | |make | ||
| + | |2p | ||
| + | |sit.vn? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |colspan=7|'Won't you make a sitting?' | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | '''Polite:''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| | ||
| + | |Dèan | ||
| + | |suidhe! | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |make | ||
| + | |sit.vn! | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |colspan=7|'Make a sitting!' | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | '''Overt Command:''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| | ||
| + | |Suidh! | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |sit.imp! | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |colspan=7|'Sit!' | ||
| + | |} | ||
==Optional and Obligatory Subjects== | ==Optional and Obligatory Subjects== | ||
| − | For the second person forms, the subject is optional: | + | For the second person forms, the subject is optional. When the optional subject is used in these sentences, the subject becomes emphatic and the sentence is called a "particularizing imperative": |
{| | {| | ||
| Line 45: | Line 89: | ||
|2s.emph | |2s.emph | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |"' | + | |"''You'' stand up!" |
|} | |} | ||
| − | + | However, when the third person form is used, then the subject becomes obligatory, either in pronominal form or as a noun. | |
{| | {| | ||
| Line 60: | Line 104: | ||
|"Let him stand up!" | |"Let him stand up!" | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | or | ||
{| | {| | ||
| Line 69: | Line 115: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|"Let John stand up!" | |"Let John stand up!" | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | When a noun is used, we say that this is an "identifying imperative". A single imperative can incorporate both the "identifying" and "particularizing" features: | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| | ||
| + | |Seas | ||
| + | |thusa, | ||
| + | |Iain! | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |stand.imp.2s | ||
| + | |2s.emph | ||
| + | |Iain | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |"''You'' stand up, John!" | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 74: | Line 135: | ||
Negative imperatives are created by placing the negative particle ''na'' in front of the verb: | Negative imperatives are created by placing the negative particle ''na'' in front of the verb: | ||
| − | + | {| | |
| − | Na ith ' | + | |Na |
| + | |ith | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |NEG | ||
| + | |eat.imp | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |colspan="7"|'Don't eat!' | ||
| + | |} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
Latest revision as of 09:52, 17 October 2012
- For a definition of Imperatives see Imperative Mood (definition).
Contents
Overview
The imperative paradigm for the verb 'to put' is as follows:
| cuirim | let me put | cuireamaid | let us put |
| cuir (thusa) | you put | cuiribh | let you (pl) put |
| cuireadh (esan/ise)' | let him put | cuireadh (iadsan) | let them put |
Even though there are imperative forms for all different person and number features on the verb, the youth tend to only use the second person singular and plural.
There are three main types of deference in SG imperatives, ranging from a very polite request to an overt command:
Most polite:
| Nach | dèan | sibh | suidhe? | |||
| NEG | make | 2p | sit.vn? | |||
| 'Won't you make a sitting?' | ||||||
Polite:
| Dèan | suidhe! | |||||
| make | sit.vn! | |||||
| 'Make a sitting!' | ||||||
Overt Command:
| Suidh! | ||||||
| sit.imp! | ||||||
| 'Sit!' | ||||||
Optional and Obligatory Subjects
For the second person forms, the subject is optional. When the optional subject is used in these sentences, the subject becomes emphatic and the sentence is called a "particularizing imperative":
| Seas! |
| stand.imp.2s |
| "Stand up!" |
or
| Seas | thusa! |
| stand.imp.2s | 2s.emph |
| "You stand up!" |
However, when the third person form is used, then the subject becomes obligatory, either in pronominal form or as a noun.
| Seasadh | e! |
| stand.imp.3s | 3sm |
| "Let him stand up!" |
or
| Seasadh | Iain! |
| stand.imp.3s | Iain |
| "Let John stand up!" |
When a noun is used, we say that this is an "identifying imperative". A single imperative can incorporate both the "identifying" and "particularizing" features:
| Seas | thusa, | Iain! |
| stand.imp.2s | 2s.emph | Iain |
| "You stand up, John!" |
Negative Imperatives
Negative imperatives are created by placing the negative particle na in front of the verb:
| Na | ith | |||||
| NEG | eat.imp | |||||
| 'Don't eat!' | ||||||
External Links
Warning: At least one of the links below takes you to Wikipedia. Articles on wikipedia often contain inaccuracies or are subject to vandalism. especially about language issues.
References
- Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 1. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications
