Difference between revisions of "Boergstrom, Really Old, like 1950s old"
From Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki
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NOUNS | NOUNS | ||
− | *Lenition of initial consonants: cat- dà chat | + | *'''Lenition''' of initial consonants: cat- dà chat |
− | *Prefixation of a nasal consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/ | + | *Prefixation of a '''nasal''' consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/ |
− | *Palatalization of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn. | + | *'''Palatalization''' of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn. |
VERBS | VERBS | ||
− | *Palatalization of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’ | + | *'''Palatalization''' of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’ |
− | *Lentition (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses | + | *'''Lentition''' (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses |
Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns: | Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns: | ||
− | *Nominative – independent | + | *'''Nominative – independent''' |
**Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question | **Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question | ||
**In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second | **In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second | ||
− | *Genitive – relative | + | *'''Genitive – relative''' |
**The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent | **The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent | ||
***A noun | ***A noun | ||
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****‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e | ****‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e | ||
****‘it is tomorrow he will return’ | ****‘it is tomorrow he will return’ | ||
− | *Dative – dependent | + | *'''Dative – dependent''' |
**A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition | **A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition | ||
***Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative | ***Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative | ||
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***as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance | ***as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance | ||
− | INTERIM SUMMARY | + | '''INTERIM SUMMARY''' |
*'''Nom/indep''' forms do not presuppose any antecedents | *'''Nom/indep''' forms do not presuppose any antecedents | ||
*'''Gen/rel''' forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases | *'''Gen/rel''' forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases | ||
*'''Dat/dep''' forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs. | *'''Dat/dep''' forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs. | ||
− | Where the parallelism breaks down | + | '''Where the parallelism breaks down''' |
*NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts | *NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts | ||
**After verbal nouns | **After verbal nouns | ||
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*The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent | *The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent | ||
− | Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points): | + | '''Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points):''' |
*Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial | *Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial |
Latest revision as of 11:27, 16 January 2013
Mutation:
NOUNS
- Lenition of initial consonants: cat- dà chat
- Prefixation of a nasal consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/
- Palatalization of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn.
VERBS
- Palatalization of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’
- Lentition (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses
Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns:
- Nominative – independent
- Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question
- In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second
- Genitive – relative
- The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent
- A noun
- Biadh a’ choin
- The dog’s food
- A verbal noun governs its object in the genitive
- Thà a’ bhò ‘g ithe an fheòir
- The cow is eating the grass
- A compound preposition:
- air son, an aghaidh
- Sometimes a simple preposition
- fad, bharr
- The adjective làn
- Làn fala
- Full of blood
- Also, two nouns in genitive case maybe coordinated without repetition of the antecedent
- A noun
- The relative verb is always governed by some antecedent
- a noun
- Baidh a dh’itheas an cù
- food that the dog will eat
- Certain conjunctions
- 'nuair, mà, mar, agus
- Interrogatives
- Cò thuigeas sin?
- Who can understand that?
- Topicalized(?)/left dislocated(?) words
- ‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e
- ‘it is tomorrow he will return’
- a noun
- The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent
- Dative – dependent
- A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition
- Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative
- Unlike in the above cases, when dative nouns are coordinated, there must be a preposition before each one.
- A verb in the dependent case is always governed by a proclitic particle
- as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance
- A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition
INTERIM SUMMARY
- Nom/indep forms do not presuppose any antecedents
- Gen/rel forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases
- Dat/dep forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs.
Where the parallelism breaks down
- NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts
- After verbal nouns
- ‘g ithe feur
- Before another noun in GEN
- Air cas a’ ghille
- After the prepositions gun and eadar
- After verbal nouns
- The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent
Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points):
- Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial
- Munster Irish diverges
- Root morphemes are with few exceptions, word initial
- Gaelic may be a “mildly synthetic” language