Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki - User contributions [en]

Personal Pronouns

2025-12-12T17:41:05Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns */

*for a definition of Pronoun see [[Pronoun (definition)]]

==Basic Grade==

The basic personal pronouns of Gaelic are used in neutral contexts (without emphasis) to indicate pronouns such as ''I, you, he, she, we, they''. There is no distinction between [[Nominative Case (definition)|nominative]] and [[Accusative Case (definition)|accusative]] pronouns. (i.e. there is no difference between ''I'' and ''me'', ''he'' and 'him'', ''she'' and ''her'', ''we'' and ''us'' and ''they'' and ''them'' in Gaelic.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1st
|mi
|sinn
|-
|2nd
|thu/tu
|sibh
|-
|3rd masc
|e
|rowspan="2"|iad
|-
|3rd fem
|i
|}
'''Notes:'''
*There are two forms for the 2nd person singular form (''thu'' and 'tu''), ''tu'' is used after verbs in the [[Relative Future (tense)|relative future]] tense and [[Conditional (mood)|conditional]] mood.
*The ''sibh'' is used both for plural ''you'' and as a polite form of the singular
*There is no neuter pronoun (''it'') in Gaelic. Instead either ''e'' or ''i'' is used depending upon the [[Gender (definition)|gender]] of the noun being used.
*In the plural there is no gender distinction, one form (''iad'') is used for both genders.

==Emphatic Grade==
*see also [[Emphatic Marking]] and [[Emphatic Pronouns]]

There is a special form of the pronoun used in Gaelic to indicate special emphasis on the pronoun. There is no equivalent in English except stress. For example, if we wanted to say ''he saw '''ME''','' the Gaelic would use the special form ''mise'': ''Chunnaic e mise''. The emphatic forms are also obligatory when used with [[Equative (definition)|identificational]] uses of copula (e.g. I am John = ''Is mise Iain'').

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1st
|mise
|sinne
|-
|2nd
|thusa/tusa
|sibhse
|-
|3rd masc
|esan
|rowspan="2"|iadsan
|-
|3rd fem
|ise
|}
'''Notes:'''
*There are two forms for the 2nd person singular form (''thusa'' and 'tusa''), ''tusa'' is used after verbs in the [[Relative Future (tense)|relative future]] tense and [[Conditional (mood)|conditional]] mood.
*The ''sibhse'' is used both for plural ''you'' and as a polite form of the singular
*There is no neuter pronoun (''it'') in Gaelic. Instead either ''esan'' or ''ise'' is used depending upon the [[Gender (definition)|gender]] of the noun being used.
*In the plural there is no gender distinction, one form (''iadsan'') is used for both genders.

Note that sometimes reflexive forms (see below) are also used to mark emphasis.

==Reflexive Pronouns==
*See the main article at [[Reflexive Pronouns]]
*For a definition of reflexive see [[Reflexive (definition)]]

Reflexive pronouns (in English forms like myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) are used obligatorily when referring back to another noun that has been named in the same [[Clause (definition)|clause]], e.g., '' John loves himself'' (''himself'' refers back to ''John''). In other words they are used as [[Anaphor (definition)|anaphors]].

In Gaelic, unlike English (but used this way in Irish English and Hebredean English), reflexive pronouns can also be used as Emphasis. In such uses, they are not anaphoric (i.e. they don't refer back to a previous noun). For example, they can be used in subject position: ''Tha è fhèin a' tighinn'' (Literally "himself is coming", but colloquially '' '''HE''' is coming.'')

In Gaelic the reflexive is formed by attaching ''fhèin'' (sometimes ''fhìn'' in the first person) to either basic grade or emphatic grade pronouns. This is usually written as a separate word.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1st
|mi fhìn or mi fhèin
|sinn fhèin
|-
|2nd
|thu fhèin
|sibh fhèin
|-
|3rd masc
|e fhèin
|rowspan="2"|iad fhèin
|-
|3rd fem
|i fhèin
|}
'''Note:'''
*The choice of ''fhìn'' or ''fhèin'' with the 1st person singular is a matter of dialect. In Skye the form ''fhìn'' is more frequently used than ''fhèin''
*Also: ''mise fhìn, thusa fhèin, esan fhèin, ise fhèin, sinne fhèin, sibhse fhèin,'' and ''iadsan fhèin.''

==Possessive Pronouns==
*See main article at [[Possessive Pronouns]]

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!Person
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
|1
|my
|moL
|our
|àrN
|-
|2
|your
|doL
|your
|ùrN
|-
|3 masc
|his
|aL
|rowspan="2"|their
|rowspan="2"|an/am
|-
|3 feminine
|her
|aH
|}
Notes:
*L stands for [[Lenition|lenition trigger]], N stands for [[Eclipsis|Eclipsis/nasalization trigger]], H indicates the word prefixes an <h> in front of the following word. These letters are not written but are provided here as guides.
*''am'' is used instead of ''an'' in front of words beginning with any [[Labial (definition)|labial]] consonant (i.e. <nowiki> <b, m, f, p></nowiki>), eg. their table ''am bòrd''
*before words beginning with vowels "mo" is reduced to ''mo','' ''do'' is reduced to ''d','' and ''aL'' his is deleted.

==Prepositional Pronouns==
*See main article at [[Preposition Inflection]]

In Gaelic prepositions take special forms when they take a pronoun as an object. These are Prepositional Pronouns.

===Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns===
{|| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
|-
! 
! 
!colspan="4" | singular
!colspan="3" | plural
|-
!
!definite
!1
!2
!3 masc
!3 fem
!1
!2
!3
|-
![[Aig (preposition)|aig]]
|aig an||agam||agad||aige||aice||againn||agaibh||aca
|-
![[Air (preposition)|air]]
|air an||orm||ort||air||oirre||oirnn||oirbh||orra
|-
![[Ann (preposition)|ann]]
|anns an||annam||annad||ann||innte||annainn||annaibh||annta
|-
![[Às (preposition)|à]]
|às an||asam||asad||às||aisde||asainn||asaibh||asda
|-
![[Bho (preposition)|bho]]
|bhon||bhuam||bhuat||bhuaithe||bhuaipe||bhuainn||bhuaibh||bhuapa
|-
![[De (preposition)|de (dhe)]]
|dhen||dhiom||dhiot||dheth||dhith||dhinn||dhibh||dhiubh
|-
![[Do (preposition)|do]]
|don||dhomh||dhut||dha||dhi||dhuinn||dhuibh||dhaibh
|-
!fo
|fon||fodham||fodhad||fodha||foidhpe||fodhainn||fodhaibh||fodhpa
|-
!eadar
|eadar an||--||--||--||--||eadarainn||eadaraibh||eatorra
|-
!rowspan="2" | gu
| (thun†)||(th)ugam||(th)ugad||(th)uige||(th)uice||(th)ugainn||(th)ugaibh||(th)uca
|-
||chun||chugam†||chugad||chuige||chuice||chugainn||chugaibh||chuca
|-
!gun
|colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms''
|-
!le
|leis an||leam||leat||leis||leatha||leinn||leibh||leotha/leò
|-
!mar
|colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms''
|-
!mu
|mun||umam||umad||uime||uimpe||umainn||umaibh||umpa
|-
!o
|on||uam||uat||uaithe||uaipe||uainn||uaibh||uapa
|-
!rè
|colspan="8" |''no special inflected forms''
|-
!ri
|ris an||rium||ruit||ris||rithe||ruinn||ruibh||riutha
|-
!ro (roimh)
|ron||romham||romhad||roimh(e) ||roimhpe||romhainn||romhaibh||romhpa
|-
!thar
|thar an||tharam||tharad||thairis||thairte||tharainn||<tharaibh||tharta
|-
!trìd
|colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms''
|-
!tro (troimh)
|tron||tromham||tromhad||troimhe||troimhpe||tromhainn||tromhaibh||tromhpa
|-
|colspan="9"|†Note the ''chugam, chugad'' etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form ''thun''
|}

===Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns===
The 1st person singular, 2nd person singular and 3rd person singular masculine forms here trigger lenition (indicated with a superscript L). 1st and 2nd person plurals trigger the prefixation of n- onto words beginning with vowels ([[nasalization]]), This is indicated with a superscript N. the pronunciation of the a consonant following these and the 3rd person plural is also frequently voiced or nasalized. Finally the 3rd person feminine forms prefix an <h> onto words beginning with a vowel. This is indicated with H. The superscript N, H, and L are not usually written out in the [[orthography]] of Gaelic and are presented here merely to remind you what [[Initial Consonant Mutations|Initial Consonant Mutation]] is being triggered.

Note: of the following only the possessive inflected forms of ''aig'', ''ann'', ''do'' and ''ri'' are in regular use. All the others quite rare or considered prescriptively inferior.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!
!colspan="4" | singular
!colspan="3" | plural
|-
!
!1
!2
!3 masc
!3 fem
!1
!2
!3
|-
!aig
|'gamL||'gadL||'gaL||'gaH||'garN||'gurN||'gan
|-
!ann
|'namL||'nadL||'naL||'naH||'narN||'nurN||'nan
|-
!bho
|bhomL||bhodL||bho aL||bho aH||bhorN||bhuN||bhon
|-
!de (dhe)
|dhemL||dhedL||dhe aL||dhe aH||dhe arN||dhe urN||dhen
|-
!do
|domL/dhamL||dodL/dhadL||dhaL||dhaH||dor/dharN||dhurN||don/dhan
|-
!fo
|fomL||fodL||fo aL||fo aH||forN||furN||fon
|-
!gu
|gumL||gudL||gu aL||gu aH||garN||gurN||gun
|-
!le
|lemL||led'L||le aL||le aH||lerN||lurN||len
|-
!mu
|'mumL||'mudL||mu aL||mu aH||marN||murN||man
|-
!o
|omL||odL||o aL||o aH||orN||urN||on
|-
!ri
|rimL||ridL||ri aL||ri aH||ri arN||ri urN||rin
|-
!ro (roimh)
|romL||rodL||ro aL ||ro aH||rorN||rurN||ron
|-
!tro (troimh)
|tromL||trodL||tro aL||tro aH||trorN||trurN||tron
|}

*Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with <m, b, f, p>.
*Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. "air mo")
[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Lexical Entry]]

Le (preposition)

2025-06-28T03:50:11Z

AndrewCarnie: fixing reference error

''le'' means ''with'' or sometimes ''by''

==Forms==
===Simple forms===

bare form: le 'with a'
definite form: leis an 'with the'

===Basic inflected forms===

Like most prepositions, ''air'' can be inflected for [[Person (definition)|person]], [[number (definition)|number]], and [[Gender (definition)|gender]]. For example, to say "with me", we use the single word ''leam''.

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>leam<TD>leinn
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>leat<TD>leibh
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>leis<TD rowspan="2">leotha
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>leatha
</TABLE>

===Emphatic Inflected forms===

Special emphatic forms are used if we want to emphasize the pronoun in the inflected preposition. (e.g. lean-sa "with **me**")

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>leam-sa<TD>leinn-ne
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>leat-sa<TD>leibh-se
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>leis-san<TD rowspan="2">leotha-san
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>leatha-se
</TABLE>

===Possessive inflected forms:===

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>lemL<TD>lerN
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>ledL<TD>lurN
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>le aL<TD rowspan="2">lenN
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>le aH
</TABLE>
Note: ''lem'' is used instead of "len" in front of words beginning with the [[labial (definition)|labial]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonants]] <m, b, p, f>

==uses==
Is toigh leam "I like"

To express ownership: Cò leis a tha am bata "who owns the stick"

==see also==

==References==
[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Preposition]]

Aspect

2024-06-21T18:48:25Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Comination of aspects */

''To see a definition of the terms used here see [[Aspect (definition)]]''

== Aspect in Scottish Gaelic ==

Aspect takes two forms in Scottish Gaelic: (1) Grammatical or Viewpoint aspect and (2) Lexical aspect or ''Aktionsart''. Viewpoint aspect gives a picture of the flow or architecture of the time of the situation expressed by the proposition. ''Aktionsart'' is inherent to [[verb (definition)|verbs]] or [[verb phrases]] and describes the inherent structure of the eventuality of the proposition in terms of endpoints ([[telicity (definition)|telicity]]) and duration (punctualness/durativity), etc.

==Progressive aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|ag
|ithe
|an
|arain.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|prog
|eat.vn
|the
|bread.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John was eating the bread/John was at the eating of the bread.'
|}

==Perfective aspect==
::{|
|Tha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pres
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has eaten the bread.'
|}

:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pres
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John had eaten the bread.'
|}

:{|
|Bidh
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.fut
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John will have eaten the bread.'
|}

==Prospective aspect==
*Prospective aspect is used to express action which is about to happen in the immediate future. When modified by an adverb denoting a more remote time, it can express farther future as well.

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|falbh.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|leave.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is about to leave.'
|}

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|e
|fhèin
|a
|mharbhadh,
|a-màireach.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|3ms
|self
|tran
|kill.vn
|tomorrow
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is going to kill himself, tomorrow.'
|}

==Combination of aspects==

*Perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is going to be building the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||an||taigh||a||thogail||(o||chionn||bliadhna).
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||the||house||tran||build.vn||from||occasion.dat||year.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to build/complete the house (for a year).'
|}

*Prospective + perfective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||an||taigh||a||thogail.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||after||the||house||tran||build.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to have built the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to be building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe||dà||bhliaddhna.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||on||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen||two||year
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is about to have been building the house for two years.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect Grammatical aspect from Wikipedia]

*[[Grammatical (Viewpoint) Aspect]]

*[[Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category: Aspect]]

Aspect

2024-06-21T18:47:39Z

AndrewCarnie:

''To see a definition of the terms used here see [[Aspect (definition)]]''

== Aspect in Scottish Gaelic ==

Aspect takes two forms in Scottish Gaelic: (1) Grammatical or Viewpoint aspect and (2) Lexical aspect or ''Aktionsart''. Viewpoint aspect gives a picture of the flow or architecture of the time of the situation expressed by the proposition. ''Aktionsart'' is inherent to [[verb (definition)|verbs]] or [[verb phrases]] and describes the inherent structure of the eventuality of the proposition in terms of endpoints ([[telicity (definition)|telicity]]) and duration (punctualness/durativity), etc.

==Progressive aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|ag
|ithe
|an
|arain.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|prog
|eat.vn
|the
|bread.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John was eating the bread/John was at the eating of the bread.'
|}

==Perfective aspect==
::{|
|Tha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pres
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has eaten the bread.'
|}

:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pres
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John had eaten the bread.'
|}

:{|
|Bidh
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.fut
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John will have eaten the bread.'
|}

==Prospective aspect==
*Prospective aspect is used to express action which is about to happen in the immediate future. When modified by an adverb denoting a more remote time, it can express farther future as well.

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|falbh.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|leave.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is about to leave.'
|}

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|e
|fhèin
|a
|mharbhadh,
|a-màireach.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|3ms
|self
|tran
|kill.vn
|tomorrow
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is going to kill himself, tomorrow.'
|}

==Comination of aspects==

*Perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is going to be building the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||an||taigh||a||thogail||(o||chionn||bliadhna).
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||the||house||tran||build.vn||from||occasion.dat||year.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to build/complete the house (for a year).'
|}

*Prospective + perfective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||an||taigh||a||thogail.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||after||the||house||tran||build.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to have built the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to be building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe||dà||bhliaddhna.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||on||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen||two||year
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is about to have been building the house for two years.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect Grammatical aspect from Wikipedia]

*[[Grammatical (Viewpoint) Aspect]]

*[[Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category: Aspect]]

Aspect

2024-05-17T18:59:05Z

AndrewCarnie:

''To see a definition of the terms used here see [[Aspect (definition)]]''

== Aspect in Scottish Gaelic ==

Aspect takes two forms in Scottish Gaelic: (1) Grammatical or Viewpoint aspect and (2) Lexical aspect or ''Aktionsart''. Viewpoint aspect gives a picture of the flow or architecture of the time of the situation expressed by the proposition. ''Aktionsart'' is inherent to [[verb (definition)|verbs]] or [[verb phrases]] and describes the inherent structure of the eventuality of the proposition in terms of endpoints ([[telicity (definition)|telicity]]) and duration (punctualness/durativity), etc.

==Progressive aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|ag
|ithe
|an
|arain.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|prog
|eat.vn
|the
|bread.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John was eating the bread/John was at the eating of the bread.'
|}

==Perfective aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has eaten the bread.'
|}

==Prospective aspect==
*Prospective aspect is used to express action which is about to happen in the immediate future. When modified by an adverb denoting a more remote time, it can express farther future as well.

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|falbh.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|leave.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is about to leave.'
|}

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|e
|fhèin
|a
|mharbhadh,
|a-màireach.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|3ms
|self
|tran
|kill.vn
|tomorrow
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is going to kill himself, tomorrow.'
|}

==Comination of aspects==

*Perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is going to be building the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||an||taigh||a||thogail||(o||chionn||bliadhna).
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||the||house||tran||build.vn||from||occasion.dat||year.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to build/complete the house (for a year).'
|}

*Prospective + perfective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||an||taigh||a||thogail.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||after||the||house||tran||build.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to have built the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to be building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe||dà||bhliaddhna.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||on||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen||two||year
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is about to have been building the house for two years.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect Grammatical aspect from Wikipedia]

*[[Grammatical (Viewpoint) Aspect]]

*[[Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category: Aspect]]

Aspect

2024-05-17T18:58:30Z

AndrewCarnie:

''To see a definition of the terms used here see [[Aspect (definition)]]''

== Aspect in Scottish Gaelic ==

Aspect takes two forms in Scottish Gaelic: (1) Grammatical or Viewpoint aspect and (2) Lexical aspect or ''Aktionsart''. Viewpoint aspect gives a picture of the flow or architecture of the time of the situation expressed by the proposition. ''Aktionsart'' is inherent to [[verb (definition)|verbs]] or [[verb phrases]] and describes the inherent structure of the eventuality of the proposition in terms of endpoints ([[telicity (definition)|telicity]]) and duration (punctualness/durativity), etc.

==Progressive aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|ag
|ithe
|an
|arain.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|prog
|eat.vn
|the
|bread.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John was eating the bread/John was at the eating of the bread.'
|}

==Perfective aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has eaten the bread.'
|}

==Prospective aspect==
*Prospective aspect is used to express action which is about to happen in the immediate future. When modified by an adverb denoting a more remote time, it can express farther future as well.

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|falbh.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|leave.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is about to leave.'
|}

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|e
|fhèin
|a
|mharbhadh,
|a-màireach.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|3ms
|self
|tran
|kill.vn
|tomorrow
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is going to kill himself, tomorrow.'
|}

==Comination of aspects==

*Perfect + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is going to be building the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||an||taigh||a||thogail||(o||chionn||bliadhna).
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||the||house||tran||build.vn||from||occasion.dat||year.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to build/complete the house (for a year).'
|}

*Prospective + perfective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||an||taigh||a||thogail.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||after||the||house||tran||build.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to have built the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to be building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe||dà||bhliaddhna.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||on||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen||two||year
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is about to have been building the house for two years.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect Grammatical aspect from Wikipedia]

*[[Grammatical (Viewpoint) Aspect]]

*[[Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category: Aspect]]

Aspect

2024-05-17T18:57:36Z

AndrewCarnie:

''To see a definition of the terms used here see [[Aspect (definition)]]''

== Aspect in Scottish Gaelic ==

Aspect takes two forms in Scottish Gaelic: (1) Grammatical or Viewpoint aspect and (2) Lexical aspect or ''Aktionsart''. Viewpoint aspect gives a picture of the flow or architecture of the time of the situation expressed by the proposition. ''Aktionsart'' is inherent to [[verb (definition)|verbs]] or [[verb phrases]] and describes the inherent structure of the eventuality of the proposition in terms of endpoints ([[telicity (definition)|telicity]]) and duration (punctualness/durativity), etc.

==Progressive aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|ag
|ithe
|an
|arain.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|prog
|eat.vn
|the
|bread.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John was eating the bread/John was at the eating of the bread.'
|}

==Perfective aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has eaten the bread.'
|}

==Prospective aspect==
*Prospective aspect is used to express action which is about to happen in the immediate future. When modified by an adverb denoting a more remote time, it can express farther future as well.

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|falbh.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|leave.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is about to leave.'
|}

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|e
|fhèin
|a
|mharbhadh,
|a-màireach.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|3ms
|self
|tran
|kill.vn
|tomorrow
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is going to kill himself, tomorrow.'
|}

==Comination of aspects==

*Present + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is going to be building the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||an||taigh||a||thogail||(o||chionn||bliadhna).
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||the||house||tran||build.vn||from||occasion.dat||year.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to build/complete the house (for a year).'
|}

*Prospective + perfective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||an||taigh||a||thogail.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||after||the||house||tran||build.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to have built the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to be building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe||dà||bhliaddhna.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||on||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen||two||year
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is about to have been building the house for two years.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect Grammatical aspect from Wikipedia]

*[[Grammatical (Viewpoint) Aspect]]

*[[Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category: Aspect]]

Plural Formation

2022-05-31T03:00:24Z

AndrewCarnie: gloss correct

*''for a definition of plural see [[Plural (definition)]]''
*''for an article on the inflection of adjectives in the plural see XXX
==Nouns==
===Plural Article===
{| border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!
!colspan="6" |before
|-
!
!f, b, m, p
!all other consonants
!before vowels
|-
!Nom/Acc (common case)
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|na
|rowspan="2"|na h-
|-
!Dat
|-
!Gen
|nam
|colspan="2"|nan
|}

===Attenuation (Slenderization)===
====Type 1.1. Orthographic i ====
Make the final consonant [[slender]] orthographically by inserting an i before the final consonant ([[Attenuation|attenuate]] the final consonant). This sometimes shifts the pronunciation of the final vowel as well. /bor'əNəx/ --> /bor'əNiç/.

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative plural
!English
|-
|am balach
|na balaich
|boy
|-
|am boireannach
|na boireannaich
|woman
|-
|an cat
|na cait
|cat
|-
|an t-òran
|na h-òrain
|song
|-
|an solus
|na soluis
|light
|}

====Type 1.2: Orthographic vowel change ====
Make the final vowel slender ([[Attenuation|attenuate]] it) by changing the orthographic vowel

The following vowel changes mark attenuation
*i) a --> ui
*ii) ea --> i
*iii) ea --> ei
*iv) ia --> èi
*v) ò --> ùi
*vi) eu --> eòi
*vii) io -> i (this is is rarely found after the spelling reform)

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative plural
!English
|-
|am bòrd
|na bùird
|table
|-
|am fiadh
|na fèidh
|deer
|-
|an t-iasg
|na h-èisg
|fish
|-
|am mac
|na mic
|son
|-
|an t-òrd
|na h-ùird
|hammar
|}

===Suffix (e)an===

====Suffix -an====

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative Plural
!English
|-
|a' bhròg
|na brògan
|shoe
|-
|am brat
|na bratan
|carpet
|-
|a' bhùth
|na bùthan
|shop
|-
|a' chas
|na casan
|foot/leg
|-
|a' chluasag
|na cluasagan
|pillow
|-
|a' chraobh
|na chraobhan
|tree
|-
|a' dhealbh
|na dealbhan
|picture
|-
|an gille
|na gillean
|boy
|-
|an làr
|na làran
|floor
|-
|an leanabh
|na leanabhan
|child
|-
|a' mhuc
|na mucan
|pig
|-
|a' nighean
|na nigheanan
|girl
|-
|am pàisde
|na pàisdean
|infant
|-
|a' phòg
|na pògan
|kiss
|-
|an sgàthan
|na sgàthanan
|mirror
|-
|a' sgian
|na sgianan
|knife
|-
|an uinneag
|na h-uinneagan
|window
|}

====Suffix -ean====

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative plural
!English
|-
|an càird
|na càirdean
|relative
|-
|an caraid
|na caraidean
|friend
|-
|an clòsaid
|na clòsaidean
|closet
|-
|an t-iasgadair
|na h-iasgadairean
|fisherman
|-
|an taigh
|na taighean
|house
|-
|an t-sùil
|na sùilean
|eye
|}

====Make slender and suffix -ean====

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative plural
!English
|-
|an clàrsach
|na clàrsaichean
|harp
|-
|an rathad
|na rathaidean
|road
|-
|am monadh
|na monaidhean
|moor
|}

====Syncope and suffix -(e)an====
The [[Broad and Slender]] of new consonant cluster may change., then suffix -ean or -an

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative plural
!English
|-
|am bràthair
|na bràithrean
|brother
|-
|an dorus
|na dorsan
|door
|-
|an t-ubhal
|na h-ubhlan
|apple
|}

====Suffix annan====

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative plural
!English
|-
|an rium
|na riumannan
|room
|-
|oidhche
|oidhcheannan
|night
|}

====Suffix t(e)an====
(other changes including deleting final vowel and broadening and making slender)

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Common singular
!Common/Dative plural
!English
|-
|am baile
|na bailtean
|town
|-
|a' bheinn
|na beanntan
|mountain
|-
|an sgoil
|na sgoiltean
|school
|}

===Suffix (a)ichean/achan===

====Suffix aichean====
:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!singular
!plural
!English
|-
|am bus
|na busaichean
|bus
|-
|an car
|na càraichean
|car
|-
|an sgona
|na sgonaichean
|scone
|}

====Suffix -ichean====
:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!singular
!plural
!English
|-
|am bocsa
|na bocsaichean
|box
|-
|am bàta
|na bàtaichean
|boat
|-
|an lampa
|na lampaichean
|lamp
|-
|an t-ogha
|na h-oghaichean
|grandchildren
|}

====Syncope and Suffix -aichean====
:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!singular
!plural
!English
|-
|cathair
|na cathraichean
|chair
|-
|an seòmar
|na seòmraichean
|room
|}

====Suffix -achan====

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!singular
!plural
!English
|-
|a' chiste
|na cisteachan
|chest
|}

====Suffix -chan====

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!singular
!plural
!English
|-
|am balla
|na ballachan
|wall
|-
|an sofa
|na sofachan
|sofa
|}

===Irregular Plurals===
:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!singular
!plural
!English
|-
|a' bhò
|na ba
|cow
|-
|a' chaora
|na caoraich
|sheep
|-
|an cù
|na coin
|dog
|-
|an duine
|na daoine
|husband/person
|-
|a' mhuir
|na marannan
|sea
|-
|a' phiuthair
|na peathraichean
|sister
|}

==Adjectives==

Most monosyllabic adjectives receive a suffix '-a' when describing a plural noun.
*mòr --> mòra
*beag --> beaga
*math--> matha
*dubh --> dubha

If a monosyllabic adjective has an 'i' as the final vowel in the word, the plural suffix is an '-e'.
*glic --> glice

Aspirate the first consonant if the preceding noun is pluralized by attenuation (slenderization), but not otherwise.
*bord mòr --> bù'''i'''rd m'''h'''òra (cf. gillean mòra)

Multisyllabic adjectives do not mutate nor do they receive a suffix:
*latha grianach --> laithean grianach

==See Also==

==External Links==

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: Level 1''. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications.
[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category: Case]]
[[Category: Inflection]]

Ri(s) (preposition)

2021-08-15T01:29:12Z

AndrewCarnie:

Ri or ris roughly means 'to' although it is never used with verbs of motion or conveyance.

==Uses==
*Tha mi a' bruidhinn ri Calum "I'm talking to Calum"
*comhla ri "along with"
*ag eisdeachd take ri as a preposition

==Forms==

*bare form: ri 'with a'
*definite form: ris an 'with the'

===Basic inflected forms===

Like most prepositions, ''air'' can be inflected for [[Person (definition)|person]], [[number (definition)|number]], and [[Gender (definition)|gender]]. For example, to say "on me", we use the single word ''orm''.

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>rium<TD>ruinn/rinn
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>riut<TD>ruibh/ribh
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>ris<TD rowspan="2">riutha
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>rithe
</TABLE>

===Emphatic Inflected forms===

Special emphatic forms are used if we want to emphasize the pronoun in the inflected preposition. (e.g. ormsa "on **me**")

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>rium-sa<TD>ruinn-ne/rinne
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>riut-sa<TD>ruibh-se/ribhse
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>ris-san-<TD rowspan="2">riutha-san
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>rithe-se
</TABLE>

===Possessive inflected forms:===

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>rimL<TD>ri arN
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>ridL<TD>ri urN / XN
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>ro aL<TD rowspan="2">rinN
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>ro aH
</TABLE>
Note: ''am'' is used instead of an "their" in front of words beginning with the [[labial (definition)|labial]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonants]] <m, b, p, f>

==See Also==
==References==

[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Preposition]]

Ri(s) (preposition)

2021-08-15T01:28:33Z

AndrewCarnie:

Ri or ris roughly means 'to' although it is never used with verbs of motion or conveyance.

==Uses==
*Tha mi a' bruidhinn ri Calum "I'm talking to Calum"
*comhla ri "along with"
*ag eisdeachd take ri as a preposition

==Forms==

*bare form: ri 'with a'
*definite form: ris an 'with the'

===Basic inflected forms===

Like most prepositions, ''air'' can be inflected for [[Person (definition)|person]], [[number (definition)|number]], and [[Gender (definition)|gender]]. For example, to say "on me", we use the single word ''orm''.

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>rium<TD>ruinn/rinn
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>riut<TD>ruibh/ribh
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>ris<TD rowspan="2">riutha
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>rithe
</TABLE>

===Emphatic Inflected forms===

Special emphatic forms are used if we want to emphasize the pronoun in the inflected preposition. (e.g. ormsa "on **me**")

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>rium-sa<TD>ruinn-ne
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>ruit-sa<TD>ruibh-se
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>ris-san-<TD rowspan="2">riutha-san
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>rithe-se
</TABLE>

===Possessive inflected forms:===

<TABLE columns="4" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
<TR><TH colspan="2"><TH colspan="1">singular<TH colspan="1">plural
<TR><TH colspan="2">1st<TD>rimL<TD>ri arN
<TR><TH colspan="2">2nd<TD>ridL<TD>ri urN / XN
<TR><TH rowspan="2">3rd<TH>Masc<TD>ro aL<TD rowspan="2">rinN
<TR><TH>Fem<TD>ro aH
</TABLE>
Note: ''am'' is used instead of an "their" in front of words beginning with the [[labial (definition)|labial]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonants]] <m, b, p, f>

==See Also==
==References==

[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Preposition]]

Verb Inflection

2018-07-25T05:43:34Z

AndrewCarnie:

==Past Tense==

Scottish Gaelic verbs can encode tense, aspect, modality, voice, person, and number.

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]] verb form. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with /f/, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!English Translation
!Past Tense
!English Translation
|-
|fàg!
|leave!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich!
|learn!
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|kiss!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|work!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|fight!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|write!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith!
|run!
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sit!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|teach!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog!
|lift!
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions, and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense, the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but will be preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing, but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===Impersonal (Passive) forms===
In the impersonal passive, the root is lenited and the suffix -eadh/-adh is attached to the end of the word. The impersonal passive demotes the agent/do-er, and it no longer appears in the structure. Instead, the patient/undergo-er is highlighted, as in the examples (a) and (d) based off of Lamb 2001 (pg. 64).<br\>

{|:
(a)
|chreachadh
|am
|baile
|-
|destroy.IMPERS
|the
|town.NOM
|-
|"colspan=5"| "The town was destroyed"
|}

{|:
(b)
|Dh'oladh
|am
|bainne
|-
|drink.past.imp
|the
|milk
|-
|Verb
|Article
|Noun
|-
|"colspan-5"| "The milk was drunk."
|}

{|:
(c)
|Mharbhadh
|Iain
|leis
|a'
|ghunna
|-
|kill.past.imp
|John
|with
|the
|gun.dat
|-
|Verb
|Noun
|Adposition
|Article
|Noun
|-
|"colspan-5"| "John was killed with a gun."
|}

The Impersonal form contrasts with the active sentence in (d) where the third person plural agent ''iad'' appears.
{|:
(d)
|chreach
|iad
|a'
|bhaile
|-
|destroy.PAST
|they
|the
|town
|-
|"colspan=5"| "They destroyed the town"
|}

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a simple present tense form, and instead use the strategies below in the present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

{|:
|Tha
|mi
|a'
|dol
|ann
|-
|COP.PRES
|I
|PROG
|go
|there
|-
|colspan="5"| 'I'm going there.'
|}

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

{|:
|Ithidh
|mi
|a'
|bhiadh
|a
|h-uile
|latha
|-
|eat.FUT
|I
|aL
|food
|every
|day
|-
|colspan="5"| "I eat food every day" (literally, "I will eat food every day")
|}

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

===Impersonal (passive) forms===
*suffix -(e)ar
** dùinear e 'someone shut'

==Relative Future==
''see also [[Relative Future]]''
*the root is aspirated
*-(e)as is suffixed.
*The second person pronoun is always tu rather than thu

==Conditional Mood==
First person singular
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(a)inn
*do not use the pronoun mi. The inflected form includes the 1st person information)

Archaic first person plural (This form is rarely used anymore, instead the regular form just below plus the pronoun sinn is used)
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(e)amaid
*do not use the pronoun sinn. The inflected form includes the 1st person information.

All forms except First person
*Lenite the root
*suffix -eadh or -adh
*2nd person singular is ''tu'' rather than ''thu''

==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave!'
*Leugh 'read!'
*Coisich 'walk!'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'
*Leughaibh 'you all read'
*Coisichibh 'you all walk'

==The formation of verbal noun==

When the verbal noun is used, another auxiliary-type verb is used to encode tense, aspect and/or negation. However, the verbal noun carries the lexical information of the verb. In most cases the form of the verbal noun is the plain root or a suffixed root, where any of the following suffixes attach to the root: ''-ail, -aich, -amh, -inn,'' and ''-adh''.

{|:
|Bha
|mi
|a'
|dol
|dhan
|bhuth(aidh)
|-
|be.PAST
|I
|PROG
|go.vn
|to.the
|shop.DAT
|-
|Aux
|Subject
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|Adposition
|Noun
|-
|colspan="5"| 'I was going to the shop.'
|}

==The formation of the verbal adjective==
*duinte
*òlte

==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*Lamb, William (2001) Scottish Gaelic. Lincom Europa.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Beir (irregular verb)

2017-12-21T15:47:06Z

AndrewCarnie:

The irregular verb ''beir'' means "to catch" or "give birth". ''Beir'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic.
 

==Uses==
*can mean "bear"
* Can mean ''give birth to''
*Rug + air "catch"/''catch up''

The verb ''beir'' is easily confused with the future and conditional independent forms of the verb ''thoir'' (i.e. ''bheir e'' He will take). They look similar, so watch out for these easily confused forms.

==Summary of forms==

*Independent forms of the verb ''beir'' are used without any particles.
*Dependent forms of the verb ''heir'' are used after ''an'', ''nach'', ''gun'' and other verbal particles (except ''cha'').
*Cha takes dependent forms but [[Lenition|lenites]] the verb.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="3"|context!!independent!!After Cha||Dependent
|-align=center
!rowspan="6"|basic forms!!rowspan="3"|active!!past1
|rug
|colspan="2"|do rug
|-align=center
!Future
|beiridh
|bheir
|beir
|-align=center
!Relative Future1
|colspan="2"|---
|bheireas1
|-align=center
!rowspan="3"|impersonal1!!past
|rugadh
|colspan="2"|do rugadh
|-align=center
!future
|beirear
|bheirear
|beirear
|-align=center
!relative future
|colspan="2"|---
|bheirear
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
|colspan="2"|bheireadh1 (bheirinn2 in 1st singular)
|beireadh1 (beirinn2 in 1st sing)
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|impersonal
|colspan="2"|bheirte
|beirte
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
|beir2||colspan="2" rowspan="3"|---
|-align=center
!plural
|beiribh2
|-align=center
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
|beirsinn or breith
|}
Notes:
*1 with the past tense, relative future and impersonal forms of this verb, the pronoun ''tu'' is used instead of ''thu''
*2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
 

==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
===[[Active voice (definition)|Active Voice]]===
====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question!!embedded
|-
! 1
|rug mi ||an do rug mi ||cha do rug mi||nach do rug mi||gun do rug mi
|-
!2
|rug thu ||an do rug thu ||cha do rug thu||nach do rug thu||gun do rug thu
|-
!3 masc
|rug e||an do rug e||cha do rug e||nach do rug e||gun do rug e
|-
!3 fem
|rug i||an do rug i||cha do rug i||nach do rug i||gun do rug i
|-
! 1 pl
|rug sinn ||an do rug sinn ||cha do rug sinn||nach do rug sinn||gun do rug sinn
|-
!2 pl
|rug sibh ||an do rug sibh ||cha do rug sibh||nach do rug sibh||gun do rug sibh
|-
!3 pl
|rug iad||an do rug iad||cha do rug iad||nach do rug iad||gun do rug iAd
|}

====Present tense====

As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I catch something") or a progressive meaning (I am catching something is intended, the [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic construction]] is used with the present tense of the verb ''bi'' (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.

:{|
|Tha||mi||a' ||breith ...
|-
|be.pres||1s||prog||catch.vn
|-
|I'm catching/I catching ...
|}

====Future tense====

The [[Future Tense (definition)|future tense]] in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is [[Habitual Aspect (definition)|habitual]].

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|beiridh mi ||am beir mi ||cha bheir mi||nach beir mi||a bheireas mi
|-
!2
|beiridh tu2 ||am bheir thu ||cha bheir thu||nach beir thu||a bheireas tu2
|-
!3 masc
|beiridh e||am beir e||cha bheir e||nach beir e||a bheireas e
|-
!3 fem
|beiridh i||am beir i||cha bheir i||nach beir i ||a bheireas i
|-
! 1 pl
|beiridh sinn ||am beir sinn ||cha bheir sinn||nach beir sinn||a bheireas sinn
|-
!2 pl
|beiridh sibh ||am beir sibh ||cha bheir sibh||nach beir sibh||a bheireas sibh
|-
!3 pl
|beiridh iad||am beir iad||cha bheir iad||nach beir iad||a bheireas iad
|}

Note:
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''ma'' or the particle used with questions ''a''.
# Note that in the relative future the pronoun ''tu'' is used in lieu of ''thu''.

----

===Impersonal/Passive Voice===

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''Rugadh'' can be best translated as "someone caught". Use of a pronoun is completely optional. So "rugadh" is a completely well-formed sentence. When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "rugadh mi" means "I was born" or "someone birthed me"

Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the person who was caught or born, not the catcher or the parent).

====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|rugadh mi ||an do rugadh mi ||cha do rugadh mi||nach do rugadh mi
|-
!2
|rugadh tu1 ||an do rugadh tu ||cha do rugadh tu||nach do rugadh tu
|-
!3 masc
|rugadh e||an do rugadh e||cha do rugadh e||nach do rugadh e
|-
!3 fem
|rugadh i||an do rugadh i||cha do rugadh i||nach do rugadh i
|-
! 1 pl
|rugadh sinn ||an do rugadh sinn ||cha do rugadh sinn||nach do rugadh sinn
|-
!2 pl
|rugadh sibh ||an do rugadh sibh ||cha do rugadh sibh||nach do rugadh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|rugadh iad||an do rugadh iad||cha do rugadh iad||nach do rugadh iad
|}
Notes:
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''

 

====Present tense====

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English, so we'll skip it here.
 
 

====Future tense====

Recall that the pronouns here are the notional objects, so "beirear mi" means "I was born"

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|beirear mi ||am beirear mi ||cha bheirear mi||nach beirear mi||a bheirear mi
|-
!2
|beirear thu ||am beirear thu ||cha bheirear thu||nach beirear thu||a bheirear thu
|-
!3 masc
|beirear e||am beirear e||cha bheirear e||nach beirear e||a bheirear e
|-
!3 fem
|beirear i||am beirear i||cha bheirear i||nach beirear i ||a bheirear i
|-
! 1 pl
|beirear sinn ||am beirear sinn ||cha bheirear sinn||nach beirear sinn||a bheirear sinn
|-
!2
|beirear sibh ||am beirear sibh ||cha bheirear sibh||nach beirear sibh||a bheirear sibh
|-
!3 pl
|beirear iad||am beirear iad||cha bheirear iad||nach beirear iad||a bheirear iad
|}
Notes
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''a'' the particle used with questions, or ''ma'' "if".
 

==Conditional Mood==
====Active====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bheirinn1 ||am beirinn ||cha bheirinn||nach beirinn
|-
!2
|bheireadh tu2||am beireadh tu ||cha bheireadh tu||nach beireadh tu
|-
!3 masc
|bheireadh e||am beireadh e||cha bheireadh e||nach beireadh e
|-
!3 fem
|bheireadh i||am beireadh i||cha bheireadh i||nach beireadh i
|-
! 1 pl
|bheireadh sinn (bheareamaid3)||am beireadh sinn (am beireamaid3)||cha bheireadh sinn (cha bheireamaid3)||nach beirinn sinn (nach beireamaid3)
|-
!2 pl
|bheireadh sibh ||am beireadh sibh ||cha bheireadh sibh||nach beireadh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bheireadh iad||am beireadh iad||cha bheireadh iad||nach beireadh iad
|}
Notes:
#The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''
#The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.

====passive====

Recall that the pronouns here are notional objects so bheirte mi means "I would be born".

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bheirte mi||am beirte mi ||cha bheirte mi||nach beirte mi
|-
!2
|bheirte thu||am beirte thu ||cha bheirte thu||nach beirte thu
|-
!3 masc
|bheirte e||am beirte e||cha bheirte e||nach beirte e
|-
!3 fem
|bheirte i||am beirte i||cha bheirte i||nach beirte i
|-
! 1 pl
|bheirte sinn ||am beirte sinn ||cha bheirte sinn||nach beirte sinn
|-
!2 pl
|bheirte sibh ||am beirte sibh ||cha bheirte sibh||nach beirte sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bheirte iad||am beirte iad||cha bheirte iad||nach beirte iad
|}

==Imperative Mood==

The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Catch!".
*Beir (singular)
*beiribh (plural)

 
 

==[[References]]==
*[[Ronald Black|Black, Ronald]] (2006) ''Cothrom Ionnsachaidh'' Peebles: Self-published.
*[[Michel Byrne|Byrne, Michel]] (2002) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig''. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2006), ''Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
*[[William Lamb|Lamb, William]] (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa

[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Irregular Verb]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

[[Category:Irregular Verb]]

Beir (irregular verb)

2017-12-21T15:46:37Z

AndrewCarnie:

The irregular verb ''beir'' means "to catch" or "give birth". ''Beir'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic.
 

==Uses==
*can mean "bear"
* Can mean ''give birth to''
*Rug + air "catch"/''catch up''

The verb ''beir'' is easily confused with the future and conditional independent forms of the verb ''thoir'' (i.e. ''bheir e'' He will take). They look similar, so watch out for these easily confused forms.

==Summary of forms==

*Independent forms of the verb ''beir'' are used without any particles.
*Dependent forms of the verb ''heir'' are used after ''an'', ''nach'', ''gun'' and other verbal particles (except ''cha'').
*Cha takes dependent forms but [[Lenition|lenites]] the verb.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="3"|context!!independent!!After Cha||Dependent
|-align=center
!rowspan="6"|basic forms!!rowspan="3"|active!!past1
|rug
|colspan="2"|do rug
|-align=center
!Future
|beiridh
|bheir
|beir
|-align=center
!Relative Future1
|colspan="2"|---
|bheireas1
|-align=center
!rowspan="3"|impersonal1!!past
|rugadh
|colspan="2"|do rugadh
|-align=center
!future
|beirear
|bheirear
|beirear
|-align=center
!relative future
|colspan="2"|---
|bheirear
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
|colspan="2"|bheireadh1 (bheirinn2 in 1st singular)
|beireadh1 (beirinn2 in 1st sing)
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|impersonal
|colspan="2"|bheirte
|beirte
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
|beir2||colspan="2" rowspan="3"|---
|-align=center
!plural
|beiribh2
|-align=center
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
|beirsinn or breith
|}
Notes:
*1 with the past tense, relative future and impersonal forms of this verb, the pronoun ''tu'' is used instead of ''thu''
*2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
 

==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
===[[Active voice (definition)|Active Voice]]===
====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question!!embedded
|-
! 1
|rug mi ||an do rug mi ||cha do rug mi||nach do rug mi||gun do rug mi
|-
!2
|rug thu ||an do rug thu ||cha do rug thu||nach do rug thu||gun do rug thu
|-
!3 masc
|rug e||an do rug e||cha do rug e||nach do rug e||gun do rug e
|-
!3 fem
|rug i||an do rug i||cha do rug i||nach do rug i||gun do rug i
|-
! 1 pl
|rug sinn ||an do rug sinn ||cha do rug sinn||nach do rug sinn||gun do rug sinn
|-
!2 pl
|rug sibh ||an do rug sibh ||cha do rug sibh||nach do rug sibh||gun do rug sibh
|-
!3 pl
|rug iad||an do rug iad||cha do rug iad||nach do rug iad||gun do rug iAd
|}

====Present tense====

As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I catch something") or a progressive meaning (I am catching something is intended, the [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic construction]] is used with the present tense of the verb ''bi'' (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.

:{|
|Tha||mi||a' ||breith ...
|-
|be.pres||1s||prog||catch.vn
|-
|I'm catching/I catching ...
|}

====Future tense====

The [[Future Tense (definition)|future tense]] in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is [[Habitual Aspect (definition)|habitual]].

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|beiridh mi ||am beir mi ||cha bheir mi||nach beir mi||a bheireas mi
|-
!2
|beiridh tu2 ||am bheir thu ||cha beir thu||nach beir thu||a bheireas tu2
|-
!3 masc
|beiridh e||am beir e||cha bheir e||nach beir e||a bheireas e
|-
!3 fem
|beiridh i||am beir i||cha bheir i||nach beir i ||a bheireas i
|-
! 1 pl
|beiridh sinn ||am beir sinn ||cha bheir sinn||nach beir sinn||a bheireas sinn
|-
!2 pl
|beiridh sibh ||am beir sibh ||cha bheir sibh||nach beir sibh||a bheireas sibh
|-
!3 pl
|beiridh iad||am beir iad||cha bheir iad||nach beir iad||a bheireas iad
|}

Note:
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''ma'' or the particle used with questions ''a''.
# Note that in the relative future the pronoun ''tu'' is used in lieu of ''thu''.

----

===Impersonal/Passive Voice===

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''Rugadh'' can be best translated as "someone caught". Use of a pronoun is completely optional. So "rugadh" is a completely well-formed sentence. When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "rugadh mi" means "I was born" or "someone birthed me"

Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the person who was caught or born, not the catcher or the parent).

====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|rugadh mi ||an do rugadh mi ||cha do rugadh mi||nach do rugadh mi
|-
!2
|rugadh tu1 ||an do rugadh tu ||cha do rugadh tu||nach do rugadh tu
|-
!3 masc
|rugadh e||an do rugadh e||cha do rugadh e||nach do rugadh e
|-
!3 fem
|rugadh i||an do rugadh i||cha do rugadh i||nach do rugadh i
|-
! 1 pl
|rugadh sinn ||an do rugadh sinn ||cha do rugadh sinn||nach do rugadh sinn
|-
!2 pl
|rugadh sibh ||an do rugadh sibh ||cha do rugadh sibh||nach do rugadh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|rugadh iad||an do rugadh iad||cha do rugadh iad||nach do rugadh iad
|}
Notes:
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''

 

====Present tense====

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English, so we'll skip it here.
 
 

====Future tense====

Recall that the pronouns here are the notional objects, so "beirear mi" means "I was born"

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|beirear mi ||am beirear mi ||cha bheirear mi||nach beirear mi||a bheirear mi
|-
!2
|beirear thu ||am beirear thu ||cha bheirear thu||nach beirear thu||a bheirear thu
|-
!3 masc
|beirear e||am beirear e||cha bheirear e||nach beirear e||a bheirear e
|-
!3 fem
|beirear i||am beirear i||cha bheirear i||nach beirear i ||a bheirear i
|-
! 1 pl
|beirear sinn ||am beirear sinn ||cha bheirear sinn||nach beirear sinn||a bheirear sinn
|-
!2
|beirear sibh ||am beirear sibh ||cha bheirear sibh||nach beirear sibh||a bheirear sibh
|-
!3 pl
|beirear iad||am beirear iad||cha bheirear iad||nach beirear iad||a bheirear iad
|}
Notes
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''a'' the particle used with questions, or ''ma'' "if".
 

==Conditional Mood==
====Active====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bheirinn1 ||am beirinn ||cha bheirinn||nach beirinn
|-
!2
|bheireadh tu2||am beireadh tu ||cha bheireadh tu||nach beireadh tu
|-
!3 masc
|bheireadh e||am beireadh e||cha bheireadh e||nach beireadh e
|-
!3 fem
|bheireadh i||am beireadh i||cha bheireadh i||nach beireadh i
|-
! 1 pl
|bheireadh sinn (bheareamaid3)||am beireadh sinn (am beireamaid3)||cha bheireadh sinn (cha bheireamaid3)||nach beirinn sinn (nach beireamaid3)
|-
!2 pl
|bheireadh sibh ||am beireadh sibh ||cha bheireadh sibh||nach beireadh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bheireadh iad||am beireadh iad||cha bheireadh iad||nach beireadh iad
|}
Notes:
#The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''
#The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.

====passive====

Recall that the pronouns here are notional objects so bheirte mi means "I would be born".

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bheirte mi||am beirte mi ||cha bheirte mi||nach beirte mi
|-
!2
|bheirte thu||am beirte thu ||cha bheirte thu||nach beirte thu
|-
!3 masc
|bheirte e||am beirte e||cha bheirte e||nach beirte e
|-
!3 fem
|bheirte i||am beirte i||cha bheirte i||nach beirte i
|-
! 1 pl
|bheirte sinn ||am beirte sinn ||cha bheirte sinn||nach beirte sinn
|-
!2 pl
|bheirte sibh ||am beirte sibh ||cha bheirte sibh||nach beirte sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bheirte iad||am beirte iad||cha bheirte iad||nach beirte iad
|}

==Imperative Mood==

The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Catch!".
*Beir (singular)
*beiribh (plural)

 
 

==[[References]]==
*[[Ronald Black|Black, Ronald]] (2006) ''Cothrom Ionnsachaidh'' Peebles: Self-published.
*[[Michel Byrne|Byrne, Michel]] (2002) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig''. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2006), ''Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
*[[William Lamb|Lamb, William]] (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa

[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Irregular Verb]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

[[Category:Irregular Verb]]

Beir (irregular verb)

2017-12-21T15:46:09Z

AndrewCarnie: corrected forms in table

The irregular verb ''beir'' means "to catch" or "give birth". ''Beir'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic.
 

==Uses==
*can mean "bear"
* Can mean ''give birth to''
*Rug + air "catch"/''catch up''

The verb ''beir'' is easily confused with the future and conditional independent forms of the verb ''thoir'' (i.e. ''bheir e'' He will take). They look similar, so watch out for these easily confused forms.

==Summary of forms==

*Independent forms of the verb ''beir'' are used without any particles.
*Dependent forms of the verb ''heir'' are used after ''an'', ''nach'', ''gun'' and other verbal particles (except ''cha'').
*Cha takes dependent forms but [[Lenition|lenites]] the verb.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="3"|context!!independent!!After Cha||Dependent
|-align=center
!rowspan="6"|basic forms!!rowspan="3"|active!!past1
|rug
|colspan="2"|do rug
|-align=center
!Future
|beiridh
|bheir
|beir
|-align=center
!Relative Future1
|colspan="2"|---
|bheireas1
|-align=center
!rowspan="3"|impersonal1!!past
|rugadh
|colspan="2"|do rugadh
|-align=center
!future
|beirear
|bheirear
|beirear
|-align=center
!relative future
|colspan="2"|---
|bheirear
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
|colspan="2"|bheireadh1 (bheirinn2 in 1st singular)
|beireadh1 (beirinn2 in 1st sing)
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|impersonal
|colspan="2"|bheirte
|beirte
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
|beir2||colspan="2" rowspan="3"|---
|-align=center
!plural
|beiribh2
|-align=center
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
|beirsinn or breith
|}
Notes:
*1 with the past tense, relative future and impersonal forms of this verb, the pronoun ''tu'' is used instead of ''thu''
*2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
 

==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
===[[Active voice (definition)|Active Voice]]===
====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question!!embedded
|-
! 1
|rug mi ||an do rug mi ||cha do rug mi||nach do rug mi||gun do rug mi
|-
!2
|rug thu ||an do rug thu ||cha do rug thu||nach do rug thu||gun do rug thu
|-
!3 masc
|rug e||an do rug e||cha do rug e||nach do rug e||gun do rug e
|-
!3 fem
|rug i||an do rug i||cha do rug i||nach do rug i||gun do rug i
|-
! 1 pl
|rug sinn ||an do rug sinn ||cha do rug sinn||nach do rug sinn||gun do rug sinn
|-
!2 pl
|rug sibh ||an do rug sibh ||cha do rug sibh||nach do rug sibh||gun do rug sibh
|-
!3 pl
|rug iad||an do rug iad||cha do rug iad||nach do rug iad||gun do rug iAd
|}

====Present tense====

As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I catch something") or a progressive meaning (I am catching something is intended, the [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic construction]] is used with the present tense of the verb ''bi'' (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.

:{|
|Tha||mi||a' ||breith ...
|-
|be.pres||1s||prog||catch.vn
|-
|I'm catching/I catching ...
|}

====Future tense====

The [[Future Tense (definition)|future tense]] in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is [[Habitual Aspect (definition)|habitual]].

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|beiridh mi ||am beir mi ||cha beir mi||nach beir mi||a bheireas mi
|-
!2
|beiridh tu2 ||am beir thu ||cha beir thu||nach beir thu||a bheireas tu2
|-
!3 masc
|beiridh e||am beir e||cha bheir e||nach beir e||a bheireas e
|-
!3 fem
|beiridh i||am beir i||cha bheir i||nach beir i ||a bheireas i
|-
! 1 pl
|beiridh sinn ||am beir sinn ||cha bheir sinn||nach beir sinn||a bheireas sinn
|-
!2 pl
|beiridh sibh ||am beir sibh ||cha bheir sibh||nach beir sibh||a bheireas sibh
|-
!3 pl
|beiridh iad||am beir iad||cha bheir iad||nach beir iad||a bheireas iad
|}

Note:
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''ma'' or the particle used with questions ''a''.
# Note that in the relative future the pronoun ''tu'' is used in lieu of ''thu''.

----

===Impersonal/Passive Voice===

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''Rugadh'' can be best translated as "someone caught". Use of a pronoun is completely optional. So "rugadh" is a completely well-formed sentence. When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "rugadh mi" means "I was born" or "someone birthed me"

Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the person who was caught or born, not the catcher or the parent).

====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|rugadh mi ||an do rugadh mi ||cha do rugadh mi||nach do rugadh mi
|-
!2
|rugadh tu1 ||an do rugadh tu ||cha do rugadh tu||nach do rugadh tu
|-
!3 masc
|rugadh e||an do rugadh e||cha do rugadh e||nach do rugadh e
|-
!3 fem
|rugadh i||an do rugadh i||cha do rugadh i||nach do rugadh i
|-
! 1 pl
|rugadh sinn ||an do rugadh sinn ||cha do rugadh sinn||nach do rugadh sinn
|-
!2 pl
|rugadh sibh ||an do rugadh sibh ||cha do rugadh sibh||nach do rugadh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|rugadh iad||an do rugadh iad||cha do rugadh iad||nach do rugadh iad
|}
Notes:
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''

 

====Present tense====

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English, so we'll skip it here.
 
 

====Future tense====

Recall that the pronouns here are the notional objects, so "beirear mi" means "I was born"

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|beirear mi ||am beirear mi ||cha bheirear mi||nach beirear mi||a bheirear mi
|-
!2
|beirear thu ||am beirear thu ||cha bheirear thu||nach beirear thu||a bheirear thu
|-
!3 masc
|beirear e||am beirear e||cha bheirear e||nach beirear e||a bheirear e
|-
!3 fem
|beirear i||am beirear i||cha bheirear i||nach beirear i ||a bheirear i
|-
! 1 pl
|beirear sinn ||am beirear sinn ||cha bheirear sinn||nach beirear sinn||a bheirear sinn
|-
!2
|beirear sibh ||am beirear sibh ||cha bheirear sibh||nach beirear sibh||a bheirear sibh
|-
!3 pl
|beirear iad||am beirear iad||cha bheirear iad||nach beirear iad||a bheirear iad
|}
Notes
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''a'' the particle used with questions, or ''ma'' "if".
 

==Conditional Mood==
====Active====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bheirinn1 ||am beirinn ||cha bheirinn||nach beirinn
|-
!2
|bheireadh tu2||am beireadh tu ||cha bheireadh tu||nach beireadh tu
|-
!3 masc
|bheireadh e||am beireadh e||cha bheireadh e||nach beireadh e
|-
!3 fem
|bheireadh i||am beireadh i||cha bheireadh i||nach beireadh i
|-
! 1 pl
|bheireadh sinn (bheareamaid3)||am beireadh sinn (am beireamaid3)||cha bheireadh sinn (cha bheireamaid3)||nach beirinn sinn (nach beireamaid3)
|-
!2 pl
|bheireadh sibh ||am beireadh sibh ||cha bheireadh sibh||nach beireadh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bheireadh iad||am beireadh iad||cha bheireadh iad||nach beireadh iad
|}
Notes:
#The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''
#The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.

====passive====

Recall that the pronouns here are notional objects so bheirte mi means "I would be born".

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bheirte mi||am beirte mi ||cha bheirte mi||nach beirte mi
|-
!2
|bheirte thu||am beirte thu ||cha bheirte thu||nach beirte thu
|-
!3 masc
|bheirte e||am beirte e||cha bheirte e||nach beirte e
|-
!3 fem
|bheirte i||am beirte i||cha bheirte i||nach beirte i
|-
! 1 pl
|bheirte sinn ||am beirte sinn ||cha bheirte sinn||nach beirte sinn
|-
!2 pl
|bheirte sibh ||am beirte sibh ||cha bheirte sibh||nach beirte sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bheirte iad||am beirte iad||cha bheirte iad||nach beirte iad
|}

==Imperative Mood==

The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Catch!".
*Beir (singular)
*beiribh (plural)

 
 

==[[References]]==
*[[Ronald Black|Black, Ronald]] (2006) ''Cothrom Ionnsachaidh'' Peebles: Self-published.
*[[Michel Byrne|Byrne, Michel]] (2002) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig''. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2006), ''Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
*[[William Lamb|Lamb, William]] (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa

[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Irregular Verb]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

[[Category:Irregular Verb]]

Echo Questions

2015-11-01T05:36:09Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Echo questions in Gaelic */

For the definition of Echo Question see [[Echo Question (definition)]]

== Echo questions in Gaelic ==

***

== See Also ==
*[[Interrogative (definition)]]

== External Links ==
[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEchoQuestion.htm Echo Questions at SIL.org]

== References ==
Carnie, Andrew (2007). Syntax: A Generative Introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
[[Category: Questions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]

Echo Questions

2015-11-01T05:35:47Z

AndrewCarnie:

For the definition of Echo Question see [[Echo Question (definition)]]

== Echo questions in Gaelic ==

:{|
|Bha
|cò
|sgith?
|-
|be.pst.rel
|who
|tired
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Who was tired?'
|}

== See Also ==
*[[Interrogative (definition)]]

== External Links ==
[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEchoQuestion.htm Echo Questions at SIL.org]

== References ==
Carnie, Andrew (2007). Syntax: A Generative Introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
[[Category: Questions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]

Tag Questions

2015-11-01T05:35:16Z

AndrewCarnie:

:{|
|Leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|nach
|do
|leugh?
|-
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|neg.Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill read that book, didn't he?'
|}

:{|
|Cha
|do
|leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|an
|do
|leugh?
|-
|Neg
|pst
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill didn't read that book, did he?'
|}

:{|
|Leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|an
|do
|leugh?
|-
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill read that book, did he?'
|}

:{|
|*Cha
|do
|leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|nach
|do
|leugh?
|-
|Neg
|pst
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|Neg.Q
|past
|read
|-
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_question Tag question from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Questions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]

Embedded Questions

2015-11-01T05:34:43Z

AndrewCarnie:

Embedded question (Adger and Ramchand 2005:(4))
:{|
|Dh'fhaignich
|e
|an
|robh
|thu
|sgith.
|-
|ask.PST
|he
|C.Q
|be.PST
|you
|tired
|-
|colspan="2"| 'He asked if you were tired.'
|}

Negative embedded question (Adger and Ramchand 2005:(8))
:{|
|Dh'fhaignich
|e
|nach
|robh
|thu
|sgith.
|-
|ask.PST
|he
|C.Q.NEG
|be.PST
|you
|tired
|-
|colspan="2"| 'He asked if you weren't tired.'
|}

[[Category: Questions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]

Prepositional Inflection

2013-03-16T06:05:38Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns */

*''For a definition of preposition see the page [[Preposition (definition)]]''
*''For a list of Gaelic prepositions see the page [[Prepositions]]''

One rare property of Gaelic prepositions is that they inflect for [[person (definition)|person]], [[Number (definition)|number]] and [[Gender (definition)|gender]] when they take a pronoun as an object. In English you use two words: the preposition and the pronoun "to me", in Gaelic this is all bundled into one word "dhomh". Inflected prepositions never take a full object pronoun. So "*dhomh mi" is not well-formed. In addition, many of the prepositions take special forms when coming before an [[article (definition)|article]]. For example, to say "from the", we use the form "bhon" (although ''bhon an'' is also possible). Similarly the preposition le becomes leis before the article. These two kinds of inflection are summarized in the first chart below. Much rarer (but frequently used in certain [[Aspect|aspectual]] constructions) are forms of the preposition that inflect for a [[Possessive Pronoun|possessive pronoun]]. For example, to say "at my" we don't say "aig mo", instead " 'gam " is used. The inflection of the prepositions for possessive pronouns is given in the second chart.

==Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns==

{|| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
|-
! 
! 
!colspan="4" | singular
!colspan="3" | plural
|-
!
!definite
!1
!2
!3 masc
!3 fem
!1
!2
!3
|-
![[Aig (preposition)|aig]]
|aig an||agam||agad||aige||aice||againn||agaibh||aca
|-
![[Air (preposition)|air]]
|air an||orm||ort||air||oirre||oirnn||oirbh||orra
|-
![[Ann (preposition)|ann]]
|anns an||annam||annad||ann||innte||annainn||annaibh||annta
|-
![[Às (preposition)|à]]
|às an||asam||asad||às||aisde||asainn||asaibh||asda
|-
![[Bho (preposition)|bho]]
|bhon||bhuam||bhuat||bhuaithe||bhuaipe||bhuainn||bhuaibh||bhuapa
|-
![[De (preposition)|de (dhe)]]
|dhen||dhiom||dhiot||dheth||dhith||dhinn||dhibh||dhiubh
|-
![[Do (preposition)|do]]
|don||dhomh||dhut||dha||dhi||dhuinn||dhuibh||dhaibh
|-
!fo
|fon||fodham||fodhad||fodha||foidhpe||fodhainn||fodhaibh||fodhpa
|-
!eadar
|eadar an||--||--||--||--||eadarainn||eadaraibh||eatorra
|-
!rowspan="2" | [[Gu (preposition)|gu]]
| (thun†)||(th)ugam||(th)ugad||(th)uige||(th)uice||(th)ugainn||(th)ugaibh||(th)uca
|-
||chun||chugam†||chugad||chuige||chuice||chugainn||chugaibh||chuca
|-
!gun
|colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms''
|-
![[le (preposition)|le]]
|leis an||leam||leat||leis||leatha||leinn||leibh||leotha/leò
|-
!mar
|colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms''
|-
!mu
|mun||umam||umad||uime||uimpe||umainn||umaibh||umpa
|-
!o
|on||uam||uat||uaithe||uaipe||uainn||uaibh||uapa
|-
!rè
|colspan="8" |''no special inflected forms''
|-
![[Ri (preposition)|ri]
|ris an||rium||ruit||ris||rithe||ruinn||ruibh||riutha
|-
![[Ro (preposition)|ro (roimh)]]
|ron||romham||romhad||roimh(e) ||roimhpe||romhainn||romhaibh||romhpa
|-
!thar
|thar an||tharam||tharad||thairis||thairte||tharainn||<tharaibh||tharta
|-
!trìd
|colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms''
|-
!tro (troimh)
|tron||tromham||tromhad||troimhe||troimhpe||tromhainn||tromhaibh||tromhpa
|-
|colspan="9"|†Note the ''chugam, chugad'' etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form ''thun''
|}

==Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns==
The 1st person singular, 2nd person singular and 3rd person singular masculine forms here trigger lenition (indicated with a superscript L). 1st and 2nd person plurals trigger the prefixation of n- onto words beginning with vowels ([[nasalization]]), This is indicated with a superscript N. the pronunciation of the a consonant following these and the 3rd person plural is also frequently voiced or nasalized. Finally the 3rd person feminine forms prefix an <h> onto words beginning with a vowel. This is indicated with H. The superscript N, H, and L are not usually written out in the [[orthography]] of Gaelic and are presented here merely to remind you what [[Initial Consonant Mutations|Initial Consonant Mutation]] is being triggered.

Note: of the following only the possessive inflected forms of ''aig'', ''ann'', ''do'' and ''ri'' are in regular use. All the others quite rare or considered prescriptively inferior.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!
!colspan="4" | singular
!colspan="3" | plural
|-
!
!1
!2
!3 masc
!3 fem
!1
!2
!3
|-
!aig
|'gamL||'gadL||'gaL||'gaH||'garN||'gurN||'gan
|-
!ann
|'namL||'nadL||'naL||'naH||'narN||'nurN||'nan
|-
!bho
|bhomL||bhodL||bho aL||bho aH||bhorN||bhuN||bhon
|-
!de (dhe)
|dhemL||dhedL||dhe aL||dhe aH||dhe arN||dhe urN||dhen
|-
!do
|domL/dhamL||dodL/dhadL||dhaL||dhaH||dor/dharN||dhurN||don/dhan
|-
!fo
|fomL||fodL||fo aL||fo aH||forN||furN||fon
|-
!gu
|gumL||gudL||gu aL||gu aH||garN||gurN||gun
|-
!le
|lemL||led'L||le aL||le aH||lerN||lurN||len
|-
!mu
|'mumL||'mudL||mu aL||mu aH||marN||murN||man
|-
!o
|omL||odL||o aL||o aH||orN||urN||on
|-
!ri
|rimL||ridL||ri aL||ri aH||ri arN||ri urN||rin
|-
!ro (roimh)
|romL||rodL||ro aL ||ro aH||rorN||rurN||ron
|-
!tro (troimh)
|tromL||trodL||tro aL||tro aH||trorN||trurN||tron
|}

*Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with <m, b, f, p>.
*Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. "air mo")

==The Inflection of Complex Gaelic Prepositions==

Complex Prepositions that end in a simple preposition such as '''còmhla ri''' are inflected just like the simple preposition. Complex prepositions that end in a noun (and govern the genitive case) such as ''air muin'' are inflected differently. They are inflected uses in the [[Possessive Pronouns]], so "on top of him" would be ''air a mheasg''.

==External Links==
*An Coitcheann page on Prepositions: http://wikademy.wikispaces.com/Prepositions

==[[References]]==
*Mark, Colin (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*Lamb, William (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category: Preposition]]

Bi (irregular verb)

2012-11-21T01:17:25Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Impersonal/Passive Voice */

The irregular verb ''bi'' is one of two verbs "to be" in Gaelic. It is often called the '''substantive be''' (as opposed to the copula ''Is''). It is used

''Bi'' is also used as the primary auxiliary

''Bi'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic.

==Uses==

''Bi'' is never used to connect two noun phrases (John is a doctor, John is the doctor), nor is it used as the clefting particle (It is Susan who left), for those constructions use the [[Copula]]
Bi is however used in the following contexts:
*as the auxiliary in progressives
*as the auxiliary in perfects
*as the auxiliary in stative construction
*as the be verb used with adjectives, prepositional phrases, and adverbs
*as the auxiliary in 'nam 'nad 'na constructions marking professions and temporary states: Bha mi 'nam ghille 'nuair a ....

==Summary of forms==

*Independent forms of the verb ''bi'' are used without any particles.
*Unlike regular verbs, the [[Dependent verb form (definition)|dependent]] past tense particle ''[[Do (tense marker)|do]]'' is never used with ''tha''.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="3"|context!!independent!!After Cha(n)!!gun/nach!!after a'/an/am question particle
|-align=center
!rowspan="8"|basic forms!!rowspan="4"|active!!past
|bha
|colspan="3"|robh
|-align=center
!Present
|tha
|colspan="2"|eil
|bheil
|-align=center
!Future
|bidh/bithidh
|bhi
|colspan="2"|bi
|-align=center
!Relative Future
|colspan="4"|bi (used in negatives), bhios/bhitheas1 (used in positives)
|-align=center
!rowspan="4"|impersonal1!!past
|bhatar or bhathar or bhathas
|colspan="3"|robhar
|-align=center
!present
|thatar or thathar or thathas
|colspan="2"|eilear or eileas
|bheilear or bheileas
|-align=center
!future
|bithear
|bhithear
|colspan="2"| bithear
|-align=center
!relative future
| ---
|colspan="3"|bhithear (after particles that trigger the relative future)
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
|colspan="2"|bhitheadh/bhiodh (bhitinn2 in 1st sing) (bhitheamaid2,4 in 1st pl)
|colspan="2"|bitheadh/biodh (bithinn2 in 1st sing) (bitheamaid2,4 in 1st pl)
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|impersonal
|colspan="2"|bhite or bhithist(e)
|colspan="2"|bite or bithist(e)
|-align=center
!rowspan="5"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|1st person!!singular
|bitheam2||colspan="3" rowspan="8"|---
|-align=center
!plural
|bitheamaid2
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
|bi2
|-align=center
!plural
|bithibh2
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|3rd person
|biodh/bitheadh
|-align=center
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
|a bhith 3
|}
Notes:
*1 with the relative future and impersonal forms of this verb, the pronoun ''tu'' is used instead of ''thu''
*2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
*3 infinitive use only
*4 rare
 

==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
===[[Active voice (definition)|Active Voice]]===
====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|Bha mi ||an robh mi ||Cha robh mi||nach robh mi
|-
!2
|Bha thu ||an robh thu ||Cha robh thu||nach robh thu
|-
!3 masc
|Bha e||an robhl e||Cha robh e||nach robh e
|-
!3 fem
|Bha i||an robh i||Chan robh i||nach robh i
|-
! 1 pl
|Bha sinn ||an robh sinn ||Cha robh sinn||nach robh sinn
|-
!2 pl
|Bha sibh ||an robh sibh ||Cha robh sibh||nach robh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|Bha iad||an robh iad||Cha robh iad||nach robh iad
|}

====Present tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|Tha mi ||a' bheil mi ||Chan eil mi||nach eil mi
|-
!2
|Tha thu ||a' bheil thu ||Chan eil thu||nach eil thu
|-
!3 masc
|Tha e||a' bheil e||Chan eil e||nach eil e
|-
!3 fem
|Tha i||a' bheil i||Chan eil i||nach eil i
|-
! 1 pl
|Tha sinn ||a' bheil sinn ||Chan eil sinn||nach eil sinn
|-
!2 pl
|Tha sibh ||a' bheil sibh ||Chan eil sibh||nach eil sibh
|-
!3 pl
|Tha iad||a' bheil iad||Chan eil iad||nach eil iad
|}
 

====Future tense====

The [[Future Tense (definition)|future tense]] in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is [[Habitual Aspect (definition)|habitual]].

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|bithidh mi ||am bi mi ||cha bhi mi||nach bi mi||a bhitheas mi
|-
!2
|bithidh thu ||am bi thu ||cha bhi thu||nach bi thu||a bhitheas tu2
|-
!3 masc
|bithidh e||am bi e||cha bhi e||nach bi e||a bhitheas e
|-
!3 fem
|bithidh i||am bi i||cha bhi i||nach bi i ||a bhitheas i
|-
! 1 pl
|bithidh sinn ||am bi sinn ||cha bhi sinn||nach bi sinn||a bhitheas sinn
|-
!2 pl
|bithidh sibh ||am bi sibh ||cha bhi sibh||nach bi sibh||a bhitheas sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bithidh iad||am bi iad||cha bhi iad||nach bi iad||a bhitheas iad
|}

Note:
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''ma'' or the particle used with questions ''a''.
# Note that in the relative future the pronoun ''tu'' is used in lieu of ''thu''.
 

----

===Impersonal/Passive Voice===

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''bhatar mi' means "I was been"

Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb

====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
|bhatar||an robhar||cha robhar||nach robhar
|}
 

====Present tense====

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. But here are the relevant forms if you should ever need them.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
|thatar ||a' bheilear ||chan eilear||nach eilear
|}
 

====Future tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question!!Relative Future
|-
|bithear ||am bithear ||cha bhithear||nach bithear||a bhithear
|}
Notes
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''a'' the particle used with questions, or ''ma'' "if".

 

==Conditional Mood==
====Active====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bhithinn1 ||am bithinn ||cha bhithinn||nach bithinn
|-
!2
|bhiodh tu2||am biodh tu ||cha bhiodh tu||nach biodh tu
|-
!3 masc
|bhiodh e||am biodh e||cha bhiodh e||nach biodh e
|-
!3 fem
|bhiodh i||am biodh i||cha bhiodh i||nach biodh i
|-
! 1 pl
|bhiodh sinn (bhiomaid3)||am biodh sinn (am biomaid3)||cha bhiodh sinn (cha bhiomaid3)||nach biodh sinn (nach biomaid3)
|-
!2 pl
|bhiodh sibh ||am biodh sibh ||cha bhiodh sibh||nach biodh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bhiodh iad||am biodh iad||cha bhiodh iad||nach biodh iad
|}
Notes:
#The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''
#The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
 

====passive====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bhite mi||am bite mi ||cha bhite mi||nach bite mi
|-
!2
|bhite thu||am bite thu ||cha bhite thu||nach bite thu
|-
!3 masc
|bhite e||am bite e||cha bhite e||nach bite e
|-
!3 fem
|bhite i||am bite i||cha bhite i||nach bite i
|-
! 1 pl
|bhite sinn ||am bite sinn ||cha bhite sinn||nach bite sinn
|-
!2 pl
|bhite sibh ||am bite sibh ||cha bhite sibh||nach bite sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bhite iad||am bite iad||cha bhite iad||nach bite iad
|}
 

==Imperative Mood==

The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Hear!". 1st and 3rd person imperatives translated loosely as "Let me be", "let us be", "let he/she/them be". The 1st person plural and third person imperatives are the same as the conditional forms except without [[Lenition|lenition]]

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="2"|person
!form
|-
!rowspan="4"|singular
!1
|bitheam1
|-
!2
|bi1
|-
!3 masc
|biodh e
|-
!3 fem
|biodh i
|-
!rowspan="3"|plural
!1
|biomaid1
|-
!2
|bithibh1
|-
!3
|biodh iad
|}
Notes
# The 1st and 2nd person forms are used without subject pronouns.

==[[References]]==
*[[Ronald Black|Black, Ronald]] (2006) ''Cothrom Ionnsachaidh'' Peebles: Self-published.
*[[Michel Byrne|Byrne, Michel]] (2002) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig''. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2006), ''Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
*[[William Lamb|Lamb, William]] (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa

[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Irregular Verb]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

[[Category:Irregular Verb]]

Bi (irregular verb)

2012-11-21T01:15:01Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Past tense */

The irregular verb ''bi'' is one of two verbs "to be" in Gaelic. It is often called the '''substantive be''' (as opposed to the copula ''Is''). It is used

''Bi'' is also used as the primary auxiliary

''Bi'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic.

==Uses==

''Bi'' is never used to connect two noun phrases (John is a doctor, John is the doctor), nor is it used as the clefting particle (It is Susan who left), for those constructions use the [[Copula]]
Bi is however used in the following contexts:
*as the auxiliary in progressives
*as the auxiliary in perfects
*as the auxiliary in stative construction
*as the be verb used with adjectives, prepositional phrases, and adverbs
*as the auxiliary in 'nam 'nad 'na constructions marking professions and temporary states: Bha mi 'nam ghille 'nuair a ....

==Summary of forms==

*Independent forms of the verb ''bi'' are used without any particles.
*Unlike regular verbs, the [[Dependent verb form (definition)|dependent]] past tense particle ''[[Do (tense marker)|do]]'' is never used with ''tha''.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="3"|context!!independent!!After Cha(n)!!gun/nach!!after a'/an/am question particle
|-align=center
!rowspan="8"|basic forms!!rowspan="4"|active!!past
|bha
|colspan="3"|robh
|-align=center
!Present
|tha
|colspan="2"|eil
|bheil
|-align=center
!Future
|bidh/bithidh
|bhi
|colspan="2"|bi
|-align=center
!Relative Future
|colspan="4"|bi (used in negatives), bhios/bhitheas1 (used in positives)
|-align=center
!rowspan="4"|impersonal1!!past
|bhatar or bhathar or bhathas
|colspan="3"|robhar
|-align=center
!present
|thatar or thathar or thathas
|colspan="2"|eilear or eileas
|bheilear or bheileas
|-align=center
!future
|bithear
|bhithear
|colspan="2"| bithear
|-align=center
!relative future
| ---
|colspan="3"|bhithear (after particles that trigger the relative future)
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
|colspan="2"|bhitheadh/bhiodh (bhitinn2 in 1st sing) (bhitheamaid2,4 in 1st pl)
|colspan="2"|bitheadh/biodh (bithinn2 in 1st sing) (bitheamaid2,4 in 1st pl)
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|impersonal
|colspan="2"|bhite or bhithist(e)
|colspan="2"|bite or bithist(e)
|-align=center
!rowspan="5"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|1st person!!singular
|bitheam2||colspan="3" rowspan="8"|---
|-align=center
!plural
|bitheamaid2
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
|bi2
|-align=center
!plural
|bithibh2
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|3rd person
|biodh/bitheadh
|-align=center
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
|a bhith 3
|}
Notes:
*1 with the relative future and impersonal forms of this verb, the pronoun ''tu'' is used instead of ''thu''
*2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
*3 infinitive use only
*4 rare
 

==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
===[[Active voice (definition)|Active Voice]]===
====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|Bha mi ||an robh mi ||Cha robh mi||nach robh mi
|-
!2
|Bha thu ||an robh thu ||Cha robh thu||nach robh thu
|-
!3 masc
|Bha e||an robhl e||Cha robh e||nach robh e
|-
!3 fem
|Bha i||an robh i||Chan robh i||nach robh i
|-
! 1 pl
|Bha sinn ||an robh sinn ||Cha robh sinn||nach robh sinn
|-
!2 pl
|Bha sibh ||an robh sibh ||Cha robh sibh||nach robh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|Bha iad||an robh iad||Cha robh iad||nach robh iad
|}

====Present tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|Tha mi ||a' bheil mi ||Chan eil mi||nach eil mi
|-
!2
|Tha thu ||a' bheil thu ||Chan eil thu||nach eil thu
|-
!3 masc
|Tha e||a' bheil e||Chan eil e||nach eil e
|-
!3 fem
|Tha i||a' bheil i||Chan eil i||nach eil i
|-
! 1 pl
|Tha sinn ||a' bheil sinn ||Chan eil sinn||nach eil sinn
|-
!2 pl
|Tha sibh ||a' bheil sibh ||Chan eil sibh||nach eil sibh
|-
!3 pl
|Tha iad||a' bheil iad||Chan eil iad||nach eil iad
|}
 

====Future tense====

The [[Future Tense (definition)|future tense]] in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is [[Habitual Aspect (definition)|habitual]].

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|bithidh mi ||am bi mi ||cha bhi mi||nach bi mi||a bhitheas mi
|-
!2
|bithidh thu ||am bi thu ||cha bhi thu||nach bi thu||a bhitheas tu2
|-
!3 masc
|bithidh e||am bi e||cha bhi e||nach bi e||a bhitheas e
|-
!3 fem
|bithidh i||am bi i||cha bhi i||nach bi i ||a bhitheas i
|-
! 1 pl
|bithidh sinn ||am bi sinn ||cha bhi sinn||nach bi sinn||a bhitheas sinn
|-
!2 pl
|bithidh sibh ||am bi sibh ||cha bhi sibh||nach bi sibh||a bhitheas sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bithidh iad||am bi iad||cha bhi iad||nach bi iad||a bhitheas iad
|}

Note:
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''ma'' or the particle used with questions ''a''.
# Note that in the relative future the pronoun ''tu'' is used in lieu of ''thu''.
 

----

===Impersonal/Passive Voice===

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''bhatar mi' means "I was been"

Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb

====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
|bhatar||an robhar||cha robhar||nach robhar
|}
 

====Present tense====

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. But here are the relevant forms if you should ever need them.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
|thatar mi ||a' bheilear mi ||chan eilear mi||nach eilear mi
|-
!2
|thatar thu ||a' bheilear thu ||chan eilear tu||nach eilear tu
|-
!3 masc
|thatar e||a' bheilear e||chan eilear e||nach eilear e
|-
!3 fem
|thatar i||a' bheilear i||chan eilear i||nach eilear i
|-
! 1 pl
|thatar sinn ||a' bheilear sinn ||chan eilear sinn||nach eilear sinn
|-
!2 pl
|thatar sibh ||a' bheilear sibh ||chan eilear sibh||nach eilear sibh
|-
!3 pl
|thatar iad||a' bheilear iad||chan eilear iad||nach eilear iad
|}
 

====Future tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future1
|-
! 1
|bithear mi ||am bithear mi ||cha bhithear mi||nach bithear mi||a bhithear mi
|-
!2
|bithear thu ||am bithear thu ||cha bhithear thu||nach bithear thu||a bhithear thu
|-
!3 masc
|bithear e||am bithear e||cha bhithear e||nach bithear e||a bhithear e
|-
!3 fem
|bithear i||am bithear i||cha bhithear i||nach bithear i ||a bhithear i
|-
! 1 pl
|bithear sinn ||am bithear sinn ||cha bhithear sinn||nach bithear sinn||a bhithear sinn
|-
!2
|bithear sibh ||am bithear sibh ||cha bhithear sibh||nach bithear sibh||a bhithear sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bithear iad||am bithear iad||cha bhithear iad||nach bithear iad||a bhithear iad
|}
Notes
# the relative future is used after certain particles such as ''a'' the particle used with questions, or ''ma'' "if".

 

==Conditional Mood==
====Active====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bhithinn1 ||am bithinn ||cha bhithinn||nach bithinn
|-
!2
|bhiodh tu2||am biodh tu ||cha bhiodh tu||nach biodh tu
|-
!3 masc
|bhiodh e||am biodh e||cha bhiodh e||nach biodh e
|-
!3 fem
|bhiodh i||am biodh i||cha bhiodh i||nach biodh i
|-
! 1 pl
|bhiodh sinn (bhiomaid3)||am biodh sinn (am biomaid3)||cha bhiodh sinn (cha bhiomaid3)||nach biodh sinn (nach biomaid3)
|-
!2 pl
|bhiodh sibh ||am biodh sibh ||cha bhiodh sibh||nach biodh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bhiodh iad||am biodh iad||cha bhiodh iad||nach biodh iad
|}
Notes:
#The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''
#The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
 

====passive====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| bhite mi||am bite mi ||cha bhite mi||nach bite mi
|-
!2
|bhite thu||am bite thu ||cha bhite thu||nach bite thu
|-
!3 masc
|bhite e||am bite e||cha bhite e||nach bite e
|-
!3 fem
|bhite i||am bite i||cha bhite i||nach bite i
|-
! 1 pl
|bhite sinn ||am bite sinn ||cha bhite sinn||nach bite sinn
|-
!2 pl
|bhite sibh ||am bite sibh ||cha bhite sibh||nach bite sibh
|-
!3 pl
|bhite iad||am bite iad||cha bhite iad||nach bite iad
|}
 

==Imperative Mood==

The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Hear!". 1st and 3rd person imperatives translated loosely as "Let me be", "let us be", "let he/she/them be". The 1st person plural and third person imperatives are the same as the conditional forms except without [[Lenition|lenition]]

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="2"|person
!form
|-
!rowspan="4"|singular
!1
|bitheam1
|-
!2
|bi1
|-
!3 masc
|biodh e
|-
!3 fem
|biodh i
|-
!rowspan="3"|plural
!1
|biomaid1
|-
!2
|bithibh1
|-
!3
|biodh iad
|}
Notes
# The 1st and 2nd person forms are used without subject pronouns.

==[[References]]==
*[[Ronald Black|Black, Ronald]] (2006) ''Cothrom Ionnsachaidh'' Peebles: Self-published.
*[[Michel Byrne|Byrne, Michel]] (2002) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig''. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2006), ''Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
*[[William Lamb|Lamb, William]] (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa

[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Irregular Verb]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

[[Category:Irregular Verb]]

Inverted Nominal

2012-11-01T17:27:29Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Predicates that take the inverted nominal */

==Predicates that take the inverted nominal==
*Is toigh le ''likes''
*Is fearr le ''prefers''
*Tha e airson "he wants"
*Is urrainn dha
*Faodaidh e
*Feumaidh e

==particle a==
''see [[A (infinitive marker)]]''

shows up as a possessive pronoun when there is a pronominal object

*lenites consonants other than f:
**Is toigh leam an dorus a dhùnadh

*with f, lenition happens but a disappears:
**Is toigh leam an duine fhaicinn

*with vowels the particle disappears
**Is toigh leam am bainne òl

[[Category: Syntax]]

Word Order

2012-10-15T21:11:28Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Basic Word Order */

''to see a definition of the term'' syntax ''see [[Syntax (definition)]]''

==Basic Word Order==

===Neutral Indicative Clauses===
====Transitive Verbs====
In [[Information Structure (definition)|information structure]]-neutral [[Indicative mood (definition)|indicative]] [[Clause (definition)|clauses]] with a [[Transitive (definition)|transitive]] [[Verb (definition)|verb]], the word order is Verb+Subject+Object ([[VSO]]). Due to restrictions on the inflection of verbs, such as the use of the [[Auxiliary Constructions|auxiliary construction]] in the [[Present Tense (definition)|present tense]], VSO order is primarily true only in [[Past Tense (definition)|past]] [[Tense (definition)|tense]] and [[Future Tense (definition)|future]] [[Tense (definition)|tense]] clauses.

(1)
:{|
|Phòg
|Muirgheal
|Pòl
|-
|kiss.past
|Muriel
|Paul
|-
|verb
|subject
|object
|-
|colspan="3"| 'Muriel kissed Paul'
|}

====Intransitive Verbs====

When the verb is [[Intransitive (definition)|intransitive]], then the order is still verb initial:

(2)
:{|
|Dh'fhag
|Muirgheal
|-
|leave.past
|Muriel
|-
|verb
|subject
|-
|colspan="2"| Muriel left.
|}

====Ditransitive Verbs====

When the verb is [[Ditransitive (definition)|ditransitive]], then the order is VSO followed by a [[Prepositional Phrases|prepositional phrase]] (PP) indicating the [[Indirect Object (definition)|indirect object]] (i.e. the equivalent to John put the book on the table). In Gaelic, there are no [[Double Object Constructions (definition)|double object constructions]] (like the English ''John gave Mary the book'') instead prepositional constructions must be used (''John gave the book to Mary'')

:{|
|Thug
|Iain
|leabhar
|do
|Anna
|-
|give.past
|John
|book
|to
|Anna
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Object
|Preposition
|Indirect Object
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John gave a book to Anna.'
|}

MacAulay 1992

:{|
|bheir
|Brighde
|an
|t-airgead
|do
|Chailean
|-
|give.INDEF1
|Bridget
|the
|money
|to
|Colin
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|
|Object
|Preposition
|Indirect Object
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bridget will give the money to Colin.'
|}

===The position and ordering of Adverbs and Adverbials===

In Scottish Gaelic, a common way to create an adverb is to prefix the adverbial particle, gu-, to an adjective. These adverbs demonstrate a good deal of flexibility in term of word order in the clause.

''Manner Adverbs:''

:{|
|Thuirt
|i
|ris
|gu
|coibhneil
|-
|said
|she
|to him
|ADV
|kind
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Indirect Object
|Adverb
|kind
|-
|colspan="2"| 'She said to him kindly.'
|}

:{|
|Gu
|coibhneil
|thuirt
|i
|ris
|-
|ADV
|kind
|said
|she
|to him
|-
|Adverb
|kind
|Verb
|Subject
|Indirect Object
|-
|colspan="2"| 'She said to him kindly.'
|}

:{|
|Thuirt
|i
|gu
|coibhneil
|ris
|-
|said
|she
|ADV
|kind
|to him
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Adverb
|kind
|Indirect Object
|-
|colspan="2"| 'She said to him kindly.'
|}

Examples from Lamb (42)

''Time Adverbs:''

:{|
|Tha
|Domhnall
|an gobha
|ag
|obair
|sa cheardaich
|an-drasda
|-
|is.pres
|Donald
|the smith
|PROG
|work.vn
|in.the forge.dat
|right now
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Relative Clause
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|Location
|Adverb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Donald the smith is working in the forge right now.'
|}

Lamb (30)

:{|
|Chunnaic
|mi
|an duine sin
|'san eaglais
|an-diugh
|-
|see.past
|I
|that man
|in church
|today
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Object
|Location
|Adverb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I saw that man in church today.'
|}

Lamb (70)

===Word order in Neutral Negative Sentences, Yes/No Questions, and Negative Yes/No Questions===
====Word order in Neutral Negative Sentences====

Scottish Gaelic can have both single and double negatives in the main clause. Clausal negation is marked by the particles ''cha(n)'' and ''nach''.

Single Negation:

:{|
|Chan
|eil
|iad
|gu
|math
|-
|NEG
|be.PRES.DEP
|they
|ADV
|well
|-
|NEG
|Verb
|Subject
|Adverb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'They are not well.'
|}

Double Negation:

:{|
|Cha
|chreid
|mi
|nach
|eil
|iad
|gu
|math
|-
|NEG
|believe.INDEF1
|I
|NEG-COMP
|be.PRES
|they
|ADV
|well
|-
|NEG
|Verb
|Subject
|NEG
|Verb
|Subject
|Adverb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I don't believe that they are not well.'
|}

Adding the negative particle ''na'' before an imperative yeilds the Negative Imperative:

:{|
|Na
|ithibh
|sin
|-
|NEG
|eat
|that
|-
|NEG
|Verb
|Object
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Don't eat that.'
|}

Examples from Lamb (61)

====Yes/No Questions====

Yes/No Questions in Scottish Gaelic are formed with the interrogative particle ''(an)'' and the dependent form of the verb.

:{|
|An
|teid
|thu
|leam
|a
|Mh
|-
|QP
|go.INDEF1.DEP
|you
|with.1s
|Vocative
|Mhàiri
|-
|QP
|Verb
|Subject
|Indirect Object
|Vocative
|Mary
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Will you go with me, Mary?.'
|}

Example from Lamb (59)

====Tag Questions====

Tag questions consist of a main declarative clause followed by (1) a question particle and (2) a copy of the matrix verb. In Scottish Gaelic, unlike English, we can attest to four types of tag questions in relation to negation of the verbs. Since there are two verbs in each question (the matrix verb and its tagged copy) and each one of these verbs can be either positive or negative, we have the possible combinations: POS-POS; POS-NEG; NEG-NEG; NEG-POS.

In English, we have to have conflicting polarity in our tagged questions, such as 'You're not going there, are you?' or 'You're going there, aren't you?', but we can never have an agreement in polarity such as, '*You're not going there, aren't you?'

However, in Gaelic we find all four logical combinations:

1) POS-POS

:{|
|Tha
|thu
|a'
|falbh
|a
|bheil
|-
|be.PRES
|you
|PROG
|depart.VN
|QP
|be.PRES.DEP
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|QP
|Verb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'You are leaving, are you?'
|}

2) POS-NEG

:{|
|Tha
|thu
|a'
|falbh
|nach
|eil
|-
|be.PRES
|you
|PROG
|depart.VN
|QP-NEG
|be.PRES.DEP
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|QP_NEG
|Verb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'You are leaving, aren't you?'
|}

3) NEG-NEG

:{|
|Chan
|eil
|thu
|a'
|falbh
|nach
|eil
|-
|NEG
|be.PRES.DEP
|you
|PROG
|depart.VN
|QP-NEG
|be.PRES.DEP
|-
|NEG
|Verb
|Subject
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|QP-NEG
|Verb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'You aren't leaving, aren't you?'
|}

4) NEG-POS

:{|
|Chan
|eil
|thu
|a'
|falbh
|a
|bheil
|-
|NEG
|be.PRES.DEP
|you
|PROG
|depart.VN
|QP
|be.PRES.DEP
|-
|NEG
|Verb
|Subject
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|QP
|Verb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'You aren't leaving, are you?'
|}

====Negative Yes/No Questions====

:{|
|Nach
|eil
|iad
|gu
|math
|-
|NEG
|be.PRES.DEP
|they
|ADV
|well
|-
|NEG
|Verb
|Subject
|Adverb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Are they not well?.'
|}

Example from Lamb (61)

===Word order with Neutral Grade Pronouns===
*Main article [[Pronoun Postposing]]

==Word order with non-verbal predicates==

Non-verbal predicates are predicates that aren't verbs (John is a fool, John is big, John is in the living room).

===Using the verb Bi===
When an [[Adjective (definition)|adjective]] or a [[Prepositional Phrases|prepositional phrase (PP)]] is serving as the predicate (e.g.'' John is big. John is in the room''. The order of elements uses some form of the verb [[bi (irregular verb)|''bi'']], followed by the subject followed by the nonverbal predicate:

:{|
|Thà
|Iain
|mòr
|-
|Be.pres
|John
|big
|-
|colspan="3"|John is big
|}

:{|
|Bhà
|Iain
|anns
|an
|seòmar
|-
|be.past
|John
|in.def
|the
|room
|-
|colspan="5"|John was in the room
|}

===Using the verb Is===

:{|
|Is
|mise
|Raibeart
|-
|Copula.pres
|I
|Robert
|-
|Copula
|Subject NP
|Predicate NP
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I am Robert.'
|}

:{|
|Is
|ise
|mo mhathair
|-
|Copula.pres
|She
|My Mother
|-
|Copula
|Subject NP
|Predicate NP
|-
|colspan="2"| 'She is my mother.'
|}

===With no verb (small clauses)===

==Word order in [[Auxiliary Constructions]]==

===In Imperfect (Progressive) clauses===
In Gaelic the normal present tense of all verbs except [[Bi (irregular verb)|''bi'']] is absent. Instead a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the auxiliary [[Bi (irregular verb)|''bi'']] is used along with a [[Verbal Noun (definition)|verbal noun]] and an aspect particle (typically [[A (Aspect Marker)|''A'']]. This has both [[Imperfect Aspect (definition)|imperfect]] and [[Progressive Aspect (definition)|progressive]] meanings. The structure of these sentences is:

(Particles)+Auxiliary+Subject+Imperfect marker+Verbal+Object

In [[Prescriptive (definition)|prescriptive grammars]] the object is supposed to be in the [[Genitive Case (definition)|genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]] although in the spoken language (and in the written forms of most speakers), the object is in the [[Common Case (definition)|common case]]

:{|
|Tha
|Iain
|ag
|ithe
|an
|t-aran
|-
|Be.pres
|John
|progressive
|eat.vn
|the
|bread
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Prog Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|colspan="2"|object
|-
|colspan="5"|John is eating the bread
|}

:{|
|Bha
|mi
|a'
|dol
|dhan
|bhuth(aidh)
|-
|Be.past
|I
|PROG
|go.vn
|to-the
|shop(DAT)
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Prog Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|Prepositional Phrase
|-
|colspan="5"|'I was going to the shop'
|}

===In Causative Constructions===

In SG, there is no morphological marker for causativizing utterances, but causatives may be formed using the verb ''thoir'' and the adposition ''air''. ''Thoir'' is translated as the English verb 'make', and ''air'' indicates the theme of the action (the argument which is made to do something).

:{|
|Thug
|Mairi
|air
|Seumas
|ithe
|-
|give.past
|Mary
|on
|Seumas
|eat.vn
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Adposition
|Object
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="5"|'Mary made Seumas eat'
|}

Lamb (62)

The exact same clausal construction may also take an entire non-finite clausal complement:

:{|
|Thug
|Iain
|air
|Anna
|(i)
|an
|leabhar
|a
|thoirt
|do
|Mhairi
|-
|give.past
|John
|on
|Anna.dat
|3fs
|the
|book
|tran
|give.vn
|to
|Mary
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Adposition
|Subject/Object
|Agreement
|Article
|Direct Object
|Tran
|Verbal Noun
|Adposition
|Mary.dat
|-
|colspan="5"|'John made Anna give the book to Mary'
|}

The exact same sentence may be used in an agentless variety:

:{|
|Thainig
|air
|Anna
|an
|leabhar
|a
|thoirt
|do
|Mhairi
|-
|come.past
|on
|Anna.dat
|the
|book
|tran
|give.vn
|to
|Mary
|-
|Verb
|Adposition
|Subject/Object
|Article
|Direct Object
|Tran
|Verbal Noun
|Adposition
|Mary.dat
|-
|colspan="5"|'Anna had to give the book to Mary'
|}

MacAulay 1992

===In Perfect, Recent Perfect, Prospective clauses===

:{|
|Chaidh
|mi
|dhan
|bhuth(aidh)
|-
|go.past
|I
|to.the
|shop(DAT)
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Article
|object
|-
|colspan="5"|'I went to the shop'
|}

:{|
|Chan
|eil
|Ealasaid
|air
|Dughall
|fhaicinn
|-
|NEG
|be.pres.dep
|Elizabeth
|PERF
|Dugald
|seeing.vn
|-
|NEG
|Verb
|Subject
|Aspect
|Object
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="5"|'Elizabeth has not seen Dugald'
|}

===In Statives===

Cross-linguistically, there is a distinction between verbs that describe [[Statives|states]] of being and other verbs which entail some dynamic motion or action.

''Stative Sentence:''

:{|
|Tha
|mi
|nam
|shuidhe
|-
|be.pres
|I
|in my
|sitting
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Adposition
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I am sitting.'
|}

''Dynamic Sentence:''

:{|
|Tha
|mi
|a'
|suidhe
|-
|be.pres
|I
|at
|sitting
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Adposition
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I am sitting down.'
|}

This basic analysis does not completely explain Gaelic's own distinction. It is better to say that, in terms of thematic relations, Gaelic treats Agent arguments differently from non-Agents.

:{|
|Tha
|mi
|a'
|sileadh
|fala(dh)
|-
|be.pres
|I
|at
|dripping.vn
|blood.gen
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Adposition
|Verbal Noun
|Object
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I am bleeding.'
|}

:Lamb (51)

===In passives===

Gaelic has two constructions which are usually translated into the passive construction in English. They are the ''impersonal'' and the ''passive''.

The impersonal construction uses a verbal ending ''-adh''.

:{|
|Dh'oladh
|am
|bainne
|-
|drink.past.imp
|the
|milk
|-
|Verb
|Article
|Noun
|-
|colspan="4"|'The milk was drunk.'
|}

:{|
|Mharbhadh
|Iain
|leis
|a'
|ghunna
|-
|kill.past.imp
|John
|with
|the
|gun.dat
|-
|Verb
|Noun
|Adposition
|Article
|Noun
|-
|colspan="4"|'John was killed with a gun.'
|}

The 'true' passive in Gaelic is formed as follows:

:{|
|Tha
|Iain
|g'
|a
|mharbhadh
|-
|be
|John
|at
|3sg.masc.pos
|kill.vn.dat
|-
|Copula
|Noun
|Adposition
|Agreement
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="4"|'John was killed.'
|}

===Modals===

Modals are used in SG either with a (a) separate word (English's equivalent to ''must'') or (b) with a copula + adjective/noun. A rough equivalent to the latter would be 'John is able to eat' for 'I can eat'.

(a)

:{|
|Feumaidh
|mi
|ithe
|-
|must
|I
|eat.vn
|-
|Modal
|Subject
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I must eat.'
|}

:{|
|Dh'fhaodinn
|ithe
|-
|might.I
|eat.vn
|-
|Modal.Subject
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I might eat.'
|}

:{|
|Dh'fhaodadh
|tu
|ithe
|-
|might
|you
|eat.vn
|-
|Modal
|Subject
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'You might eat.'
|}

(b)

:{|
|'S
|urrainn
|dhomh
|ithe
|-
|Copula.pres
|ability
|for.I
|eat.vn
|-
|Copula
|Noun
|Subject
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I can eat.'
|}

:{|
|'S
|urrainn
|do
|Bhob
|ithe
|-
|Copula.pres
|ability
|for
|Bob
|eat.vn
|-
|Copula
|Noun
|Adposition
|Subject
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bob can eat.'
|}

:{|
|'S
|urrainn
|dhan
|a'
|chaora
|ithe
|-
|Copula.pres
|ability
|for
|the
|sheep
|eat.vn
|-
|Copula
|Noun
|Adposition
|Article
|Subject
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The sheep can eat.'
|}

:{|
|Bu
|choir
|do
|Bhob
|ithe
|-
|Copula.past
|right
|for
|Bob
|eat.vn
|-
|Copula
|Adjective
|Adposition
|Subject
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bob should eat.'
|}

==Word order in Embedded Clauses==

Embedded clauses are usually headed by the complementizer ''gu(n/m)/gur'' in a positive declarative sentence, but if the embedded clause is negative, then ''cha(n)'' is used instead.

===Word order in finite Embedded Clauses===

:{|
|Thuirt
|Iain
|gu
|bheil
|a'
|Ghaidhlig
|aig
|Mairi
|-
|say.past
|Iain
|that
|be.dep.pres
|the
|Gaelic
|at
|Mary
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|Complementizer
|Verb
|Article
|Noun
|Adposition
|Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Iain said that Mary speaks Gaelic.'
|}

elicited by Carnie (2007)

===Word order in non-finite Embedded Clauses===

:{|
|Thuirt
|mi
|gun
|na
|h-uighean
|ithe
|-
|said
|I
|NEG
|the
|eggs
|eat.INF
|-
|Verb
|Subject
|NEG
|Article
|Object
|Verb
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I said not to eat the eggs.'
|}

===Word order in Relative Clauses===

:{|
|am
|fear
|a
|chaisig
|an
|cu
|a
|bhid
|an
|cat
|a
|mharbh
|an
|luch
|-
|the
|man
|wh-COMP
|stop.past
|the
|dog
|wh-COMP
|bite.past
|the
|cat
|wh-COMP
|kill.past
|the
|mouse
|-
|Article
|Noun
|Complementizer
|Verb
|Article
|Noun
|Complementizer
|Verb
|Article
|Noun
|Complementizer
|Verb
|Article
|Noun
|-
|colspan="6"| 'the man who stopped the dog that bit the cat that killed the mouse.'
|}

MacAulay 1992

==Word order in Clefts==

:{|
|'S
|e
|Iain
|a
|bha
|sgith
|-
|Copula
|3sg.masc
|Iain
|wh-COMP
|be.past
|tired
|-
|Copula
|Agreement
|Noun
|Complementizer
|Verb
|Adjective
|-
|colspan="4"|'It is Iain that was tired.'
|}

Adger & Ramchand (2005)

==Word order in Wh-Questions==

Wh-phrase + question particle + Verb + rest of sentence

The question particle is often omitted if it follows a question ending in a vowel. The form of the question particle and the verb is dependent upon which [[Wh-words|wh-word]] is being used.

:{|
|Ciamar
|a
|tha
|thu?
|-
|how
|wh-direct
|be.pres
|you
|-
|wh-phrase
|particle
|Verb
|rest of sentence
|-
|colspan="4"|How are you
|}

:{|
|Dè
|an
|aois
|a
|tha
|thu?
|-
|what
|the
|age
|wh-direct
|be.pres
|you
|-
|colspan="3"|wh-phrase
|particle
|Verb
|rest of sentence
|-
|colspan="4"|How old are you
|}

When a question word is in some adpositional phrase, the adposition can be fronted with the WH word (pied-piping) or it can be left in the original gap.

:{|
|Co
|ris
|a
|bha
|thu
|a'
|bruidhinn
|-
|Who
|to
|QP
|be.PAST
|you
|PROG
|speaking.VN
|-
|WH
|P
|QP
|Verb
|Subject
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|-
|colspan="2"| 'To whom were you speaking?'
|}

:{|
|Co
|a
|bha
|thu
|a'
|bruidhinn
|ris
|-
|Who
|QP
|be.PAST
|you
|PROG
|speaking.VN
|to
|-
|WH
|QP
|Verb
|Subject
|Aspect
|Verbal Noun
|P
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Who were you speaking to?'
|}

Examples from Lamb (60)

==Word Order in Noun Phrases==
Article + Noun + Adjectives + Prepositional phrases

*boat: ''bàta''
*the boat: ''am bàta''
*the big boat ''am bàta mòr''
*The big boat in the sea ''am bàta mòr anns a' mhuir''

Possessors in the genitive follow the possessed NP:

Possessed + Article + Possessor(gen)

*leabhar an duine

==Specific Articles On The Word Order within Phrases==

*[[Adjective Phrases]]
*[[Noun Phrases]]
*[[Verb Phrases]]
*[[Prepositional Phrases]]
*[[Non-finite Clauses]]
*[[Auxiliary Constructions]]
*[[Relative Clauses]]
[[Category:Syntax]]

Gerund (definition)

2012-09-17T18:55:56Z

AndrewCarnie:

Gerunds are special forms of [[Verb (definition)|verbs]] that have [[Noun (definition)|nominal]] usages. In English, gerunds end in ''–ing''. For example, in the sentence ''Swimming is fun,'' '''swimming''' is a gerund. Some authors also use this term for "present participles'', found in [[Imperfect (definition)|progressive constructions]] as in ''He was swimming''.

Gaelic doesn't have Gerunds. Instead the nominal form of verbs is called the [[Verbal Noun (definition)|verbal noun]]. Verbal nouns are used in a variety of contexts including progressives, [[Perfect Aspect (definition)|perfects]], [[Infinitive (definition)|infinitives]], [[Non-Finite (definition)|non-finite clauses]] and [[Purpose Clauses (definition)|purpose clauses]] as well as nouns in [[Argument (definition)|argument positions]]

==See Also==
*[[Verbal Nouns]]
*[[Verbal Noun (definition)]]
*[[Use of Verbal Nouns]]

==External Links==

==References==
*Carnie, A. (2013) Syntax: A Generative Introduction.'' 3rd Edition. Wiley Blackwell.

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Parts of Speech]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Orthography

2012-08-06T20:55:03Z

AndrewCarnie:

Written Scottish Gaelic uses the Roman alphabet, and includes the consonants b, c, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, and t and the vowels a, e, i, o, and u. Grave accent marks are used to denote long vowels, while acute accents were used in older texts (but have been abandoned in modern writing) to differentiate different qualities of 'e' and 'o.'

Some general principles for reading Scottish Gaelic orthography are addressed below; however, be aware that there are many exceptions to the following 'rules.' For a more detailed treatment, see the website http://www.akerbeltz.org/fuaimean/fuaimean.htm, a very thorough and accessible reference which includes rules, word lists, and corresponding sound files.

==Consonants==
Consonants in Scottish Gaelic are classified as either 'broad' (''leathann'', sometimes referred to as 'plain' or 'velarized') or 'slender' (''caol'', sometimes referred to as 'palatalized')

Orthographically, vowels are also classified as broad or slender. The graphemes 'a,' 'o,' and 'u' are broad, while 'i' and 'e' are slender.

Vowels on '''both sides''' of a consonant must agree with its broad/slender quality, allowing the reader to determine consonant quality directly from the orthography. The traditional mnemonic for remembering this is ''Caol ri caol is leathann ri leathann'' (slender with slender and broad with broad). In order to read a word, the reader must separate the vowels which are only there as a guide to the pronunciation of the consonant from those which are pronounced.

===Stops===
Broad [[Stops (definition)|stops]] generally correspond to their English equivalents, while the slender versions are palatalized (see [[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]] for further details). What appears from the orthography to be a voicing distinction (i.e. 'b' vs. 'p') is actually a distinction in aspiration (the grapheme 'b' corresponds to [p], while 'p' is [pʰ].

===Fricatives===
[[Fricatives (definition)|Fricatives]] are indicated by sequences o two consonants, always ending in 'h.' Exceptions are 's' and 'f,' which are spelled the same way as English. Again, whether the fricative is broad or slender is indicated by the surrounding vowel(s):

:{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! colspan=2 align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|Broad
! colspan=2 align="left"|Slender
|-
|align="left"|ph
|align="left"|[f]
|align="left"|ph
|align="left"|[fʲ]
|-
|align="left"|bh
|align="left"|[v]
|align="left"|bh
|align="left"|[vʲ]
|-
|align="left"|mh
|align="left"|[v]
|align="left"|mh
|align="left"|[vʲ]
|-
|align="left"|ch
|align="left"|[x]
|align="left"|ch
|align="left"|[ç]
|-
|align="left"|dh
|align="left"|[ɣ]
|align="left"|dh
|align="left"|[ʝ]
|-
|align="left"|gh
|align="left"|[ɣ]
|align="left"|gh
|align="left"|[ʝ]
|-
!align="left"|th
|align="left"|[h]
|align="left"|th
|align="left"|[h]
|-
!align="left"|sh
|align="left"|[h]
|align="left"|sh
|align="left"|[h]
|-
|align="left"|fh
|align="left"|silent
|align="left"|fh
|align="left"|silent (n.b. in a small number of words, 'fh' is pronounced [h]*
|}
*e.g. fhèin, fhuair, fhathast.

===Lenition===
[[Lenition]] is indicated by an 'h' following the lenited consonant for all lenitable consonants except 'l,' 'n,' and 'r.'

===Liquids===
[[Liquids]] are always tense word-initially. Double letters (ll, nn, rr) which occur intervocalically represent historic tense consonants. However, modern pronunciation does not necessarily correspond with this.

==Vowels==
'''Long vowels''' are indicated by a grave accent (à, è, ì, ò, ù). When a vowel has an accent mark, that vowel is pronounced, and any adjacent vowels are used for determining the broadness/slenderness of neighboring consonants.

An acute accent is used on 'e' and 'o' (é, ó) in older texts to indicate a slightly different vowel quality. The distinction still exists, although some dialects may be losing it (Gillies 1993); however, this distinction is no indicated by the orthography.

Hiatus is often indicated by a silent 'bh,' 'mh,' 'dh,' 'gh,' or occasionally 'th' between two vowels.

In closed, unstressed syllables, short vowels are pronounced [ə] (or [ɪ]), and long vowels and dipthongs are pronounced [a]. In open unstressed syllables, [i] and [u] can also occur.

Vowel lengthening occurs on short vowels preceding ‘rr,’ ‘ll,’ ‘nn,’ and ‘m’ in all positions EXCEPT when there is also a vowel following the consonant. The vowel either becomes long or a diphthong. The contrast is sometimes, but not always, indicated in the orthography.

ìm [i:m]

ime [imə]

caill [kaiʎ]

caillidh [kaʎi]

Below is a chart of graphemes with corresponding options for the pronunciation of vowels and dipthongs in IPA. While these are the most common options, keep in mind that there are exceptions.

:{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width:"300px"
|align="left"|a
|align="left"|[a], [au]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|e
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[e]
|align="left"|i
|align="left"|[i]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|o
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[o], [[ɔ], [ɔu]
|align="left"|u
|align="left"|[u]
|-
|align="left"|ai
|align="left"|[a], [ai], [ɯi]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|ea
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɛ], [e], [a], [au]
|align="left"|ia
|align="left"|[iə]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|oi
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɔ], [ɤ]
|align="left"|ua
|align="left"|[uə]
|-
|align="left"|ao
|align="left"|[ɯ:]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|ei
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɛ], [ei]
|align="left"|io
|align="left"|[i]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|ui
|align="left"|[u]
|-
|align="left"|aoi
|align="left"|[ɯ:]/ [ɯi]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|eo
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɔ]
|align="left"|iu
|align="left"|[u]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|uai
|align="left"|[uə]
|-
|align="left"|adh, agh
|align="left"|[ɤ(:)]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|eu
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ia], [e:]
|align="left"|iai
|align="left"|[iə]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|abh, amh
|align="left"|[au]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|}

==Spelling variation==
From MacDonald 1976

*anns an ~ 'san
*anns a' ~ 'Sa
*anns na ~ 'sna
*do ~ dha
*do'n ~ dhan
*càite ~ cait a ~ c'ait a
*cuine ~ cuin a
*an uair a ~ 'nuair a
*latha ~ *là
*ceadha ~ cidhe ~ ceidhe
*breagha ~ briagha
*beul ~ bial
*eun ~ ian
*feur ~ fiar
*bithidh ~ bi ~ bidh
*bhitheas ~ bhios
*bhitheadh ~ bhiodh
*thubhairt ~ thuirt
*deachaidh ~ deach
*taigh ~ tigh

==See also==
-[[Attenuation]]

-[[Broad and Slender]]

-[[Broadening]]

-[[Digraph (definition)]]

-[[Lenition]]

-[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

==References==
*http://www.akerbeltz.org/fuaimean/fuaimean.htm
*MacDonald, J.A. Gàidhlig Bheo vol 3, National Extension College
[[Category: Orthography]]

Comparatives and Superlatives

2012-08-06T20:50:19Z

AndrewCarnie:

*[[Comparative (definition)]]
*[[Superlative (definition)]]

==Comparatives==

The comparative form of regulars:
*attenuate
*suffix an e

*blàth --> nas blàithe
*fuar --> nas fuaire
*grianach --> nas grianaiche
*dubh --> na duibhe
*sean --> nas sine
*òg --> nas òige

Irregulars:
*mòr ''big'' --> na's motha (na) ''bigger (than)''
*math ''good' --> na's fearr "better than'', also na'b fhearr ''was better than''
*beag --> nas lugha
*breagha --> nas breagha
*dona --> nas miosa (worse)

==Like/As==

Like/as = mar

==See also==
*[[Inflection of Adjectives]]

==External Links==

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: level 1.'' Seattle, Each-mara publications.

[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Adjective]]

Adjective Declension

2012-08-06T20:47:28Z

AndrewCarnie:

==Forms==
# In the plural Monosyllables add an a or an e depending upon the quality of the final vowel:
*beag --> beaga
*mìn --> mìne

#Multi syllablic adjectives are the same as the singular in the plural
* example here

==examples==
Charts from MacDonald (1976)

'''''masculine'''''
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!case!!Singular!!Plural
|-align=center
!common
|balach beag
|balaich bheaga
|-align=center
!genitive
|balaich bhig
|balach beaga
|-align=center
!dative
|balach beag (but a' bhalach bheag, when definite)
|balaich bheaga
|-align=center
!vocative
|a bhalaich bhig
|a bhalacha beaga
|}

'''''feminine'''''
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!case!!Singular!!Plural
|-align=center
!common
|caileag bheag
|caileagan beaga
|-align=center
!genitive
|caileige bige
|chaileagan beaga
|-align=center
!dative
|caileig bhig
|caileagan beaga
|-align=center
!vocative
|a chaileag bheag
|a chaileagan beaga
|}

==References==
MacDonald, J.A. (1976) ''Gàidhlig Bheo''. National Extension College
[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Adjective]]

Adjective Declension

2012-08-06T20:42:19Z

AndrewCarnie:

Charts from MacDonald (1976)

'''''masculine'''''
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!case!!Singular!!Plural
|-align=center
!common
|balach beag
|balaich bheaga
|-align=center
!genitive
|balaich bhig
|balach beaga
|-align=center
!dative
|balach beag (but a' bhalach bheag, when definite)
|balaich bheaga
|-align=center
!vocative
|a bhalaich bhig
|a bhalacha beaga
|}

'''''feminine'''''
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!case!!Singular!!Plural
|-align=center
!common
|caileag bheag
|caileagan beaga
|-align=center
!genitive
|caileige bige
|chaileagan beaga
|-align=center
!dative
|caileig bhig
|caileagan beaga
|-align=center
!vocative
|a chaileag bheag
|a chaileagan beaga
|}

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Adjective]]

Adjective Declension

2012-08-06T20:38:38Z

AndrewCarnie:

Adjective Declension

2012-08-06T20:33:15Z

AndrewCarnie:

Charts from MacDonald (1976)

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Adjective]]

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:30:46Z

AndrewCarnie: /* References */

*''for a definition of Vocative Case, see [[Vocative Case (definition)]]''

The vocative case is used when you are calling someone (or more rarely something) by name.

==Proper Names==
In Gaelic, the vocative is formed by preceding the noun with the particle ''aL'' (the L is not typically written, it is provided here to indicate that it tirggers lenition). If the noun begins with a [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]], then the particle is omitted. If the noun is [[Masculine (definition)|masculine]] and ends in a [[Broad (definition)|broad]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]], then that consonant is [[Attenuation (definition)|attenuation]].

:{|border=1 cellpadding="7" rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Gender
!Initial sound
!Way to Form Vocative
!Example
|-
|rowspan="2"|Masculine
|vowel
|attenuate
|Aonghais
|-
|consonant
|aL+attenuate
|a Sheumais
|-
|rowspan="2"|Feminine
|vowel
|none
|Anna
|-
|consonant
|aL
|a Mhàiri
|}
:Chart adapted from Fisher (2004)

==Common Nouns==
===Nouns that form the genitive by attenuation===
'''''singular''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun; Make the final consonant slender
*balach --> a bhalaich

'''''plural'''''
vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, Use the genitive plural (often identical to the nominative singular), and suffix an -a
*a bhalacha

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing e===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common singular
*cas --> a chas

'''''plural'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common plural

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*feoil --> a fheoil

'''''plural'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common plural

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a consonant (-d, -n, -ach etc)===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same

'''''plural'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, drop the consonant ending of the common plural
*litrichean --> a litriche

==See Also==
*[[List of Common Personal Names]]
*[[Case (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: Level 1''. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications
*MacDonald, J.A. (1976) "'Gàidhlig Bheo, vol 3''. National Extension College

[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Case]]

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:29:55Z

AndrewCarnie:

*''for a definition of Vocative Case, see [[Vocative Case (definition)]]''

The vocative case is used when you are calling someone (or more rarely something) by name.

==Proper Names==
In Gaelic, the vocative is formed by preceding the noun with the particle ''aL'' (the L is not typically written, it is provided here to indicate that it tirggers lenition). If the noun begins with a [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]], then the particle is omitted. If the noun is [[Masculine (definition)|masculine]] and ends in a [[Broad (definition)|broad]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]], then that consonant is [[Attenuation (definition)|attenuation]].

:{|border=1 cellpadding="7" rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Gender
!Initial sound
!Way to Form Vocative
!Example
|-
|rowspan="2"|Masculine
|vowel
|attenuate
|Aonghais
|-
|consonant
|aL+attenuate
|a Sheumais
|-
|rowspan="2"|Feminine
|vowel
|none
|Anna
|-
|consonant
|aL
|a Mhàiri
|}
:Chart adapted from Fisher (2004)

==Common Nouns==
===Nouns that form the genitive by attenuation===
'''''singular''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun; Make the final consonant slender
*balach --> a bhalaich

'''''plural'''''
vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, Use the genitive plural (often identical to the nominative singular), and suffix an -a
*a bhalacha

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing e===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common singular
*cas --> a chas

'''''plural'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common plural

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*feoil --> a fheoil

'''''plural'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common plural

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a consonant (-d, -n, -ach etc)===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same

'''''plural'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, drop the consonant ending of the common plural
*litrichean --> a litriche

==See Also==
*[[List of Common Personal Names]]
*[[Case (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: Level 1''. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications

[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Case]]

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:29:00Z

AndrewCarnie:

*''for a definition of Vocative Case, see [[Vocative Case (definition)]]''

The vocative case is used when you are calling someone (or more rarely something) by name.

==Proper Names==
In Gaelic, the vocative is formed by preceding the noun with the particle ''aL'' (the L is not typically written, it is provided here to indicate that it tirggers lenition). If the noun begins with a [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]], then the particle is omitted. If the noun is [[Masculine (definition)|masculine]] and ends in a [[Broad (definition)|broad]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]], then that consonant is [[Attenuation (definition)|attenuation]].

:{|border=1 cellpadding="7" rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Gender
!Initial sound
!Way to Form Vocative
!Example
|-
|rowspan="2"|Masculine
|vowel
|attenuate
|Aonghais
|-
|consonant
|aL+attenuate
|a Sheumais
|-
|rowspan="2"|Feminine
|vowel
|none
|Anna
|-
|consonant
|aL
|a Mhàiri
|}
:Chart adapted from Fisher (2004)

==Common Nouns==
===Nouns that form the genitive by attenuation===
'''''singular''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun; Make the final consonant slender
*balach --> a bhalaich

'''''plural''''''
vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, Use the genitive plural (often identical to the nominative singular), and suffix an -a
*a bhalacha

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing e===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common singular
*cas --> a chas

'''''plural''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common plural

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*feoil --> a fheoil

'''''plural''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same as the common plural

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a consonant (-d, -n, -ach etc)===
'''''singular''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same

'''''plural''''''
vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, drop the consonant ending of the common plural
*litrichean --> a litriche

==See Also==
*[[List of Common Personal Names]]
*[[Case (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: Level 1''. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications

[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Case]]

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:23:01Z

AndrewCarnie:

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:22:35Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Proper Names */

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:22:23Z

AndrewCarnie:

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:21:39Z

AndrewCarnie: /* =Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing e */

*''for a definition of Vocative Case, see [[Vocative Case (definition)]]''

The vocative case is used when you are calling someone (or more rarely something) by name. In Gaelic, the vocative is formed by preceding the noun with the particle ''aL'' (the L is not typically written, it is provided here to indicate that it tirggers lenition). If the noun begins with a [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]], then the particle is omitted. If the noun is [[Masculine (definition)|masculine]] and ends in a [[Broad (definition)|broad]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]], then that consonant is [[Attenuation (definition)|attenuation]].

:{|border=1 cellpadding="7" rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Gender
!Initial sound
!Way to Form Vocative
!Example
|-
|rowspan="2"|Masculine
|vowel
|attenuate
|Aonghais
|-
|consonant
|aL+attenuate
|a Sheumais
|-
|rowspan="2"|Feminine
|vowel
|none
|Anna
|-
|consonant
|aL
|a Mhàiri
|}
:Chart adapted from Fisher (2004)

===Nouns that form the genitive by attenuation===
'''''singular''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun; Make the final consonant slender
*balach --> a bhalaich

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing e===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*cas --> a chas

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a==
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*feoil --> a fheoil

==See Also==
*[[List of Common Personal Names]]
*[[Case (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: Level 1''. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications

[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Case]]

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T20:21:28Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Nouns that form the genitive by attenuation */

*''for a definition of Vocative Case, see [[Vocative Case (definition)]]''

The vocative case is used when you are calling someone (or more rarely something) by name. In Gaelic, the vocative is formed by preceding the noun with the particle ''aL'' (the L is not typically written, it is provided here to indicate that it tirggers lenition). If the noun begins with a [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]], then the particle is omitted. If the noun is [[Masculine (definition)|masculine]] and ends in a [[Broad (definition)|broad]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]], then that consonant is [[Attenuation (definition)|attenuation]].

:{|border=1 cellpadding="7" rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Gender
!Initial sound
!Way to Form Vocative
!Example
|-
|rowspan="2"|Masculine
|vowel
|attenuate
|Aonghais
|-
|consonant
|aL+attenuate
|a Sheumais
|-
|rowspan="2"|Feminine
|vowel
|none
|Anna
|-
|consonant
|aL
|a Mhàiri
|}
:Chart adapted from Fisher (2004)

===Nouns that form the genitive by attenuation===
'''''singular''''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun; Make the final consonant slender
*balach --> a bhalaich

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing e==
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*cas --> a chas

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a==
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*feoil --> a fheoil

==See Also==
*[[List of Common Personal Names]]
*[[Case (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: Level 1''. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications

[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Case]]

Vocative Case

2012-08-06T18:28:17Z

AndrewCarnie:

*''for a definition of Vocative Case, see [[Vocative Case (definition)]]''

The vocative case is used when you are calling someone (or more rarely something) by name. In Gaelic, the vocative is formed by preceding the noun with the particle ''aL'' (the L is not typically written, it is provided here to indicate that it tirggers lenition). If the noun begins with a [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]], then the particle is omitted. If the noun is [[Masculine (definition)|masculine]] and ends in a [[Broad (definition)|broad]] [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]], then that consonant is [[Attenuation (definition)|attenuation]].

:{|border=1 cellpadding="7" rules="all" style="text-align:center"
!Gender
!Initial sound
!Way to Form Vocative
!Example
|-
|rowspan="2"|Masculine
|vowel
|attenuate
|Aonghais
|-
|consonant
|aL+attenuate
|a Sheumais
|-
|rowspan="2"|Feminine
|vowel
|none
|Anna
|-
|consonant
|aL
|a Mhàiri
|}
:Chart adapted from Fisher (2004)

===Nouns that form the genitive by attenuation===
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun; Make the final consonant slender
*balach --> a bhalaich

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing e==
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*cas --> a chas

===Nouns that form the genitive by suffixing a==
'''''singular'''''

vocative prefixes ''a'', which lenites the noun, otherwise the form of the noun is the same
*feoil --> a fheoil

==See Also==
*[[List of Common Personal Names]]
*[[Case (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) ''Scottish Gaelic: Level 1''. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications

[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Case]]

Genitive Formation

2012-08-06T18:23:04Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Declension Class G: Suffix -(e)ach */

==Genitive Articles==
The [[Genitive Case (definition)|genitive]] is used to indicate an object that is a possessor.

The masculine singular genitive pattern is identical to the feminine common case pattern, and dative case forms.

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
|+Singular Masculine Genitive
!Before
!form
!Example
|-
|[[Labial (definition)|labial]] and [[Velar (definition)|velar]] [[Stop (definition)|stops]] (b, p, g, c) and m
|a'L
|a' bhòrd
|-
|f
|anL
|an fhuachd
|-
|s followed by vowels, l, n, r
|an t- (i.e. anT)
|an tsluaigh
|-
|all other sounds
|an
|an taighe
|}
:(table based on Fisher (2004)

The feminine genitive is identical to common case plural

:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
|+Feminine Singular Genitive
!Before
!form
!Example
|-
|[[Consonant (definition)|consonants]]
|na
|na muc
|-
|Vowels
|na h- (i.e. anH)
|na h-adhairce
|}
:(table based on Fisher (2004)

The plural of genitive uses some variety of Nan/Nam:
:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" style="text-align:center"
|+Plural Genitive of both Genders
!Before
!form
!Example
|-
|[[Labial (definition)|labial consonants]]
|nam
|nam bocsaichean
|-
|All other sounds
|nan
|nan taighean
|}
:(table based on Fisher (2004)

==Forming the Genitive of Nouns==

Varies depending upon declension class and gender

===singular===

The following vowel changes mark attenuation
*i) a --> ui
*ii) ea --> i
*iii) ea --> ei
*iv) ia --> èi
*v) ò --> ùi
*vi) eu --> eòi
*vii) io -> i (this is is rarely found after the spelling reform)

====Declension Class A: The Genitive and the Common Class Are Identical====
Apart from mutations triggered by the appropriate article, the shape of the noun is identical in the common and genitive case with Declension Class A nouns.

*an duine --> an duine
*am posta --> a' phosta
*a' chuairt --> na chuairt

====Declension Class B: Attenuate the final consonant ====

'''''Class B1: insert an i before the final consonant'''''
*an cat --> a' chait
*an cladach --> a' chladaich
*an sabhal --> an t-sabhail
*am balach --> a' bhalaich
*an rathad --> an rathaid
*an glumag --> a' ghlumaig

'''''Class B2: Change the final vowel'''''

*an t-allt --> an uillt (B2i)
*an ceann --> a' chinn (B2ii)
*an t-each --> an eich (B2iii)
*am fiadh --> an fhèidh (B2iv)
*an t-òrd --> an ùird (B2v)
*an eun --> an eòin (B2vi)

====Declension Class C: Broaden the final consonant ====

====Declension Class D: Suffix either e or a (ə) ====

'''''Class D1: suffix -e'''''
*an t-Sàbaid --> na Sàbaide (but note Latha na Sabaid with no e)

'''''Class D2: suffix -e, attenuate final consonant with -i-''''''
*an t-slat --> na slaite
*a' ghlumaig --> na glumaige

'''''Class D3: suffix -e, attenuate with a vowel change'''''
*an uinneag --> na h-uinneige

'''''Class Dy: suffix -e, syncope, attenuate if necessary'''''
*a' mhadainn --> na maidne

'''''Class Dz: suffix -a''''''
*an t-am --> an ama
*am fiodh --> an fhiodha
*an loch --> an locha

'''''Class Daa: suffix -a, broaden by deleting orthographic i'''''
*
'''''Class Dbb: suffix -a, broaden by orthographic vowel change''''''
*
'''''Class Dcc: suffix -a, syncope, broaden by orthographic vowel change''''''
*an dùthaich --> na dùthcha

====Declension Class E: Suffix -d====

====Declension Class F: Suffix -n ====

*an cù --> biadh a' choin

====Declension Class G: Suffix -(e)ach====

*Litir --> Litreach
*caora --> caorach

====Irregular Nouns====

===Genitive Plurals===

Plurals of the type ending in -an, ean, remain the same in the plural genitive.

na taighean is both plural common case and plural genitive.

==Word Order in Possessive Genitive Constructions==

Possessed + Genitive Article + possessor (genitive case)

==Forming the Genitive of Adjectives==

beag --> bhig (m),
mòr --> mhòir

==See Also==

*[[Articles]]
*[[Genitive Case (definition)]]
*[[Genitive Constructions]]
*[[Case (definition)]]
*[[Noun Declension]]

==References==

MacDonald, J.A. (1976) ''Gàidhlig Bheo, vol 3.'' National Extension College
[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category: Case]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:59:41Z

AndrewCarnie:

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===Impersonal (Passive) forms===
*lenite the root
*suffix -eadh

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

===Impersonal (passive) forms===
*suffix -(e)ar
** dùinear e 'someone shut'

==Relative Future==
''see also [[Relative Future]]''
*the root is aspirated
*-(e)as is suffixed.
*The second person pronoun is always tu rather than thu

==Conditional Mood==
First person singular
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(a)inn
*do not use the pronoun mi. The inflected form includes the 1st person information)

Archaic first person plural (This form is rarely used anymore, instead the regular form just below plus the pronoun sinn is used)
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(e)amaid
*do not use the pronoun sinn. The inflected form includes the 1st person information.

All forms except First person
*Lenite the root
*suffix -eadh or -adh
*2nd person singular is ''tu'' rather than ''thu''

==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'

==The formation of verbal noun==

==The formation of the verbal adjective==
*duinte
*òlte

==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:57:56Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Future Tense */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===Impersonal (Passive) forms===
*lenite the root
*suffix -eadh

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

===Impersonal (passive) forms===
*suffix -(e)ar
** dùinear e 'someone shut'

==Relative Future==
''see also [[Relative Future]]''
*the root is aspirated
*-(e)as is suffixed.
*The second person pronoun is always tu rather than thu

==Conditional Mood==
First person singular
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(a)inn
*do not use the pronoun mi. The inflected form includes the 1st person information)

Archaic first person plural (This form is rarely used anymore, instead the regular form just below plus the pronoun sinn is used)
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(e)amaid
*do not use the pronoun sinn. The inflected form includes the 1st person information.

All forms except First person
*Lenite the root
*suffix -eadh or -adh
*2nd person singular is ''tu'' rather than ''thu''

==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'

==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:56:47Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Past Tense */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===Impersonal (Passive) forms===
*lenite the root
*suffix -eadh

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==
''see also [[Relative Future]]''
*the root is aspirated
*-(e)as is suffixed.
*The second person pronoun is always tu rather than thu

==Conditional Mood==
First person singular
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(a)inn
*do not use the pronoun mi. The inflected form includes the 1st person information)

Archaic first person plural (This form is rarely used anymore, instead the regular form just below plus the pronoun sinn is used)
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(e)amaid
*do not use the pronoun sinn. The inflected form includes the 1st person information.

All forms except First person
*Lenite the root
*suffix -eadh or -adh
*2nd person singular is ''tu'' rather than ''thu''

==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'

==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:54:39Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Conditional Mood */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==
''see also [[Relative Future]]''
*the root is aspirated
*-(e)as is suffixed.
*The second person pronoun is always tu rather than thu

==Conditional Mood==
First person singular
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(a)inn
*do not use the pronoun mi. The inflected form includes the 1st person information)

Archaic first person plural (This form is rarely used anymore, instead the regular form just below plus the pronoun sinn is used)
*Lenite the root
*suffix -(e)amaid
*do not use the pronoun sinn. The inflected form includes the 1st person information.

All forms except First person
*Lenite the root
*suffix -eadh or -adh
*2nd person singular is ''tu'' rather than ''thu''

==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'

==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:50:21Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Relative Future */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==
''see also [[Relative Future]]''
*the root is aspirated
*-(e)as is suffixed.
*The second person pronoun is always tu rather than thu

==Conditional Mood==
==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'

==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:36:21Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Imperative Mood (commands) */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==

''see also [[Relative Future]]''

==Conditional Mood==
==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'

==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:36:06Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Imperative Mood (commands) */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==

''see also [[Relative Future]]''

==Conditional Mood==
==Imperative Mood (commands)==
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
*Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the rood:
*Fàgaibh 'you all leave'

==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:34:15Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Future Tense */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
*Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==

''see also [[Relative Future]]''

==Conditional Mood==
==Imperative Mood (commands)==
==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:33:49Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Future Tense */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
*Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
*Future:
**Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
**No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
*Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
* Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
*Future tense
**Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
**No form CHA ROOT
**Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
**Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==

''see also [[Relative Future]]''

==Conditional Mood==
==Imperative Mood (commands)==
==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]

Verb Inflection

2012-08-06T16:31:39Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Present Tense */

==Past Tense==

===Declarative===

With regular verbs in [[Declarative (definition)|declarative]] context, the past tense is formed by [[Lenition|leniting]] the first consonant of the [[Imperative (definition)|imperative]]. With [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before [[Broad (definition)|broad]] vowels and [j] before [[Slender (definition)|slender]] ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Imperative
!Past Tense
!English
|-
|fàg!
|dh'fhàg
|left
|-
|ionnsaich
|dh'ionnsaich
|learnt
|-
|pòg!
|phòg
|kissed
|-
|obair!
|dh'obair
|worked
|-
|sabaid!
|shabaid
|fought
|-
|sgrìobh!
|sgrìobh
|wrote
|-
|ruith
|ruith
|run
|-
|seas!
|sheas
|sat
|-
|teasgaisg!
|theagaisg
|taught
|-
|tog
|thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

===In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses===

In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its [[Dependent (definition)|dependent]] form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle ''do''. ''Do'' is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Past Tense
!Question
!Negation
!Negative Question
!Embedded clause
!English
|-
|phòg
|an do phòg
|cha do phòg
|nach do phòg
|gun do phòg
|kissed
|-
|dh'obair
|an do dh'obair
|cha do dh'obair
|nach do dh'obair
|gun do dh'obair
|worked
|-
|shabaid
|an do shabaid
|cha do shabaid
|nach do shabaid
|gun do shabaid
|fought
|-
|sheas
|an do sheas
|cha do sheas
|nach do sheas
|gun do sheas
|sat
|-
|thog
|an do thog
|cha do thog
|nach do thog
|gun do thog
|lifted
|}
: chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)

==Present Tense==
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the [[Copula]] and the verb [[Bi (auxiliary)]]

To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:

*Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there''

When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.

*Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha ''I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)

==Future Tense==
Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
-Future:
Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
-Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"

-Future tense
-Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
-No form CHA ROOT
-Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
-Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS

==Relative Future==

''see also [[Relative Future]]''

==Conditional Mood==
==Imperative Mood (commands)==
==The formation of verbal noun==
==See Also==
==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Verb_forms_and_tense

==References==
*Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
*Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
*https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
[[Category:Morphology]]