Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki - User contributions [en]

Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki

2009-11-12T20:13:39Z

JessamynSchertz:

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*[[:Category:Syntax|A complete list of pages on Syntax]]
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*[[:Category:Phonetics|A complete list of pages on Phonetics]]
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Transcriptions of Epenthesis

2009-10-15T01:14:49Z

JessamynSchertz:

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Epenthesis|epenthesis]] in Scottish Gaelic. Also included are examples of 'pseudo-epenthesis.'

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| ormsa
| [aɾamsa]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
| ''on.1sg.emph''
|-
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
| ''certain''
|-
| t-ainm
| [tɛnəm]
| [tɛnəm]
| Dimairt, line 5
|''name''
|-
| falbh
| [falˠav]
| [fɐlaːv]
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| dealbh
| [d͡ʒalav]
| [ʧaɫav]
| Diardaoin, line 5(&6)
| ''picture''
|-
| lorg
| [loɾək]
| [ɫɔɾɔk]
| Diardaoin, line 7
| ''find.vn''
|}

==Pseudo-epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| earrach
| [aɾəx]
| [jeɾəx]
| Dimairt, line 1
|''Spring''
|-
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
| [xɔɾɪkɪn]
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| faireachdainnean
| [fɛɾakɪn]
| [fɛɾaxkɪɲ]
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''feelings''
|-
| atharrachadh
| [ahaɾaxɯ]
| [ahəɾaxu]
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''alter''
|-
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾəxɡu]
| [fɛɾaxku]
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feel''
|-
| do dhèanamh
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| fuireach
| [fʊɾəx]
|
| Diciadain, line 9
| ''live.vn''
|-
| coinnich
| [xɔnʲɪç]
|
| Diciadain, line 14
| ''meet.fut''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Epenthesis]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-10-15T01:08:34Z

JessamynSchertz:

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic, although it has been claimed that nasalized fricatives are physiologically impossible. Also included are examples of their oral counterparts.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Nasalized Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| a-ria'''mh'''
| [əðiəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 6
|''ever''
|-
| tala'''mh''' gu do'''mh'''ainn
| [t̪halˠas kə t̪õɨn]
|
| Dihaoine, line 10
|
|-
| '''mh'''ór
| [ṽo:ɾ]
| [võ:ɾ]
| Dimairt, line 3
|''big''
|-
| '''mh'''eud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| do dhèana'''mh'''
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| '''mh'''othachadh
|
|
| Diardoin, line 11
| ''perceive.vn''
|-
| dhèanamh
| [ʝanɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 15
| ''doing''
|-
| a’ '''mh'''ìorbhaill
| [ə vĩːəɾvɪl]
|
| Diciadain, line 1
| ''the miracle''
|}

==Corresponding Oral Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| dear'''bh'''
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| '''bh'''eil
| [vɛl]
|
| Dihaoine, line 2
|''be.pres''
|-
| '''bh'''uidhe
| [vuʝə]
| [vuʝə]
| Dimairt, line 9
|''yellow''
|-
| si'''bh'''
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''you.pl''
|-
| '''bh'''itheas
| [vɪs]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''be.relfut''
|-
| fal'''bh'''
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| '''bh'''o
| [və]
|
|Diardoin, line 2
| ''from''
|-
| dhai'''bh'''
| [ɣaɪv]
|
| Diardoin, line 4
| ''to him/her/it''
|-
| '''bh'''a
| [va]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''be.past''
|-
| deal'''bh'''
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5(&10)
| ''picture''
|-
| '''bh'''rèagha
| [vɾi.aː]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''pretty''
|-
| thaobh
| [hɯv]
|
|Diardoin, line 7
| ''side''
|-
| '''bh'''ith
| [vi]
|
| Diardoin, line 7
| ''be.vn''
|-
| si'''bh''' ag
| [ʃiva]
|
| Diardoin, line 9
| ''you.plural progressive''
|-
| a’ mhìor'''bh'''aill
| [ə vĩːəɾvɪl]
|
| Diciadain, line 1
| ''the miracle''
|-
| sà'''bh'''ailte
| [saːvɪltʃə]
|
| Diciadain, line 6
| ''saved''
|-
| do '''bh'''ean
| [t̪ʰə fɛ̃n]
|
| Diciadain, line 8
| ''your (sg) wife''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Epenthesis

2009-10-11T18:47:49Z

JessamynSchertz: /* Pseudo-epenthesis */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Epenthesis|epenthesis]] in Scottish Gaelic. Also included are examples of 'pseudo-epenthesis.'

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| ormsa
| [aɾamsa]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
| ''on.1sg.emph''
|-
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
| ''certain''
|-
| t-ainm
| [tɛnəm]
|
| Dimairt, line 5
|''name''
|-
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| dealbh
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5(&6)
| ''picture''
|-
| lorg
| [loɾək]
|
| Diardaoin, line 7
| ''find.vn''
|}

==Pseudo-epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| earrach
| [aɾəx]
|
| Dimairt, line 1
|''Spring''
|-
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| faireachdainnean
| [fɛɾakɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''feelings''
|-
| atharrachadh
| [ahaɾaxɯ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''alter''
|-
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾəxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feel''
|-
| do dhèanamh
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| fuireach
| [fʊɾəx]
|
| Diciadain, line 9
| ''live.vn''
|-
| coinnich
| [xɔnʲɪç]
|
| Diciadain, line 14
| ''meet.fut''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Epenthesis]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Epenthesis

2009-10-11T18:47:22Z

JessamynSchertz: /* Epenthesis */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Epenthesis|epenthesis]] in Scottish Gaelic. Also included are examples of 'pseudo-epenthesis.'

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| ormsa
| [aɾamsa]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
| ''on.1sg.emph''
|-
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
| ''certain''
|-
| t-ainm
| [tɛnəm]
|
| Dimairt, line 5
|''name''
|-
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| dealbh
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5(&6)
| ''picture''
|-
| lorg
| [loɾək]
|
| Diardaoin, line 7
| ''find.vn''
|}

==Pseudo-epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
|
|-
| earrach
| [aɾəx]
|
| Dimairt, line 1
|''Spring''
|-
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| faireachdainnean
| [fɛɾakɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''feelings''
|-
| atharrachadh
| [ahaɾaxɯ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''alter''
|-
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾəxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feel''
|-
| do dhèanamh
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| fuireach
| [fʊɾəx]
|
| Diciadain, line 9
| ''live.vn''
|-
| coinnich
| [xɔnʲɪç]
|
| Diciadain, line 14
| ''meet.fut''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Epenthesis]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Epenthesis

2009-10-11T18:44:08Z

JessamynSchertz: /* References */

*For a definition of Epenthesis (also known svarabhakti) see [[Epenthesis (definition)]]
*For a discussion of the theoretical treatments of epenthesis in the linguistics literature see [[Theoretical Treatments of Epenthesis]]

'''Epenthesis''' in Scottish Gaelic primarily refers to vocalic epenthesis (also known as Svarabhakti), which is generally understood as the insertion of a [[Vowel (definition)|vowel]] within a [[Consonant (definition)|consonantal]] sequence.

== Description of the phenomenon ==

Epenthetic vowels generally occur "between non-homorganic [[Sonorant (definition)|sonorants]] and [[Obstruent (definition)|obstruents]], following a short, stressed vowel." (Bosch 1997: 1). The obstruent cannot be a [[Voice (definition)|voiceless]] [[Aspiration (definition)|aspirated]] stop.

Some examples are provided below (all taken from Bosch 1997); the epenthetic vowels are underlined:

* ''arm'', [ar<u>a</u>m], "army"
* ''sealbh'', [ʃaɫ<u>a</u>v], "property"
* ''sgarbh'', [skar<u>a</u>v], "cormorant"
* ''Alba'', [aɫ<u>a</u>pə], "Scotland"
* ''urchair'', [ur<u>u</u>xirᴶ], "a shot'"
* ''dorcha'', [dɔr<u>ɔ</u>xɔ], "dark"
* [merᴶ<u>e</u>kᴶ] "rust"

==Vowel Harmony==

== Orthography ==

==See Also==
*[[Theoretical Treatments of Epenthesis]]
*[[Hiatus]]
*[[Epenthesis (definition)]]
*[[Syllabification]]
*[[Transcriptions of Epenthesis]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis

==References==

*Borgstrøm C, Hj. (1937). The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, ''Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap'' 7, 71-242.
*Borgstrøm C, Hj. (1940). The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides, ''NTS suppl. bind 1'' Oslo: Aschehoug & Co.
*Bosch, Anna (1995). ''A gestural analysis of epenthesis in Scottish Gaelic''. Ms., University of Kentucky.
*Bosch, Anna (2003). Borgstrøm's Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides: The Uses and Misuses of Description in Theory, ''Scottish Gaelic Studies'' 21, 221-239.
*Bosch, Anna & De Jong, Kenneth (1997). The Prosody of Barra Gaelic Epenthetic Vowels, ''Studies in the Linguistic Sciences'' 27, 1-16.
*Clements, G.N. (1986). Syllabification and epenthesis in the Barra dialect of Gaelic. In K. Bogers, H. van der Hulst & M. Mous (eds.), ''The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentals: Studies on African Languages Offered to John M. Steward on His 60th Birthday'', 317-336. Dordrecht: Foris.
*Halle, Morris (1995). Feature Geometry and Feature Spreading, ''Linguistic Inquiry'' 26, 1-46.
*Ní Chiosáin, M. (1994). Barra Gaelic Vowel Copy and (Non)-Constituent Spreading, ''Proceedings of WCCFL XIII'', 3-13.

[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Epenthesis

2009-10-11T18:43:33Z

JessamynSchertz:

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T02:45:36Z

JessamynSchertz:

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|}

==Slender Consonants==

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T02:44:11Z

JessamynSchertz:

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| p
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| b
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| t
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| d
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| c
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| g
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| ph
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| ch
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| dh/gh
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| s
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| Tense R
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Lax r
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
| Tense N
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| Lax n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Tense L
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| Lax l
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|}

==Slender Consonants==

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T02:42:00Z

JessamynSchertz: Created page with 'Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of broad and slender consonants in Scottish Gaelic. The sound files come from …'

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| p
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| b
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| 'bottle'
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| 'fighting
|-
| t
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| 'grateful'
|-
| d
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| 'man'
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| 'thing'
|-
| c
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| 'be at.3pl'
|-
| g
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| 'at.1pl'
|-
| ph
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| 'precious'
|-
| ch
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| 'buy.past'
|-
| dh/gh
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| 'valuable'
|-
| s
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| 'knowledge'
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| 'fighting'
|-
| Tense R
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Lax r
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| 'certain'
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| 'much'
|-
| Tense N
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| 'when'
|-
| Lax n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Tense L
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| 'stream'
|-
| Lax l
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| 'bottle'
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| 'days'
|}

==Slender Consonants==

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Epenthesis

2009-09-28T00:17:10Z

JessamynSchertz:

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-27T23:01:51Z

JessamynSchertz:

Transcriptions of Preaspiration

2009-09-27T23:01:12Z

JessamynSchertz: Created page with 'Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of preaspiration in Scottish Gaelic. The sound files come from a native speaker of…'

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Preaspiration|preaspiration]] in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
|
|-
| thuit
| [huʰt]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
|
|-
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine, line 11
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Preaspiration (definition)]]
*[[Preaspiration]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Epenthesis

2009-09-27T22:56:41Z

JessamynSchertz: Created page with 'Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of epenthesis in Scottish Gaelic. Also included are examples of 'pseudo-epenthesis.' T…'

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-27T22:52:15Z

JessamynSchertz: Created page with 'Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic…'

Orthography

2009-09-13T19:03:03Z

JessamynSchertz:

Written Scottish Gaelic uses the Roman alphabet, and includes the consonants b, c, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, and t and the vowels a, e, i, o, and u. Grave accent marks are used to denote long vowels, while acute accents were used in older texts (but have been abandoned in modern writing) to differentiate different qualities of 'e' and 'o.'

Some general principles for reading Scottish Gaelic orthography are addressed below; however, be aware that there are many exceptions to the following 'rules.' For a more detailed treatment, see the website http://www.akerbeltz.org/fuaimean/fuaimean.htm, a very thorough and accessible reference which includes rules, word lists, and corresponding sound files.

==Consonants==
Consonants in Scottish Gaelic are classified as either 'broad' (''leathann'', sometimes referred to as 'plain' or 'velarized') or 'slender' (''caol'', sometimes referred to as 'palatalized')

Orthographically, vowels are also classified as broad or slender. The graphemes 'a,' 'o,' and 'u' are broad, while 'i' and 'e' are slender.

Vowels on '''both sides''' of a consonant must agree with its broad/slender quality, allowing the reader to determine consonant quality directly from the orthography. The traditional mnemonic for remembering this is ''Caol ri caol is leathann ri leathann'' (slender with slender and broad with broad). In order to read a word, the reader must separate the vowels which are only there as a guide to the pronunciation of the consonant from those which are pronounced.

===Stops===
Broad [[Stops (definition)|stops]] generally correspond to their English equivalents, while the slender versions are palatalized (see [[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]] for further details). What appears from the orthography to be a voicing distinction (i.e. 'b' vs. 'p') is actually a distinction in aspiration (the grapheme 'b' corresponds to [p], while 'p' is [pʰ].

===Fricatives===
[[Fricatives (definition)|Fricatives]] are indicated by sequences o two consonants, always ending in 'h.' Exceptions are 's' and 'f,' which are spelled the same way as English. Again, whether the fricative is broad or slender is indicated by the surrounding vowel(s):

:{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! colspan=2 align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|Broad
! colspan=2 align="left"|Slender
|-
|align="left"|ph
|align="left"|[f]
|align="left"|ph
|align="left"|[fʲ]
|-
|align="left"|bh
|align="left"|[v]
|align="left"|bh
|align="left"|[vʲ]
|-
|align="left"|mh
|align="left"|[v]
|align="left"|mh
|align="left"|[vʲ]
|-
|align="left"|ch
|align="left"|[x]
|align="left"|ch
|align="left"|[ç]
|-
|align="left"|dh
|align="left"|[ɣ]
|align="left"|dh
|align="left"|[ʝ]
|-
|align="left"|gh
|align="left"|[ɣ]
|align="left"|gh
|align="left"|[ʝ]
|-
!align="left"|th
|align="left"|[h]
|align="left"|th
|align="left"|[h]
|-
!align="left"|sh
|align="left"|[h]
|align="left"|sh
|align="left"|[h]
|-
|align="left"|fh
|align="left"|silent
|align="left"|fh
|align="left"|silent (n.b. in a small number of words, 'fh' is pronounced [h]
|}

===Lenition===
[[Lenition]] is indicated by an 'h' following the lenited consonant for all lenitable consonants except 'l,' 'n,' and 'r.'

===Liquids===
[[Liquids]] are always tense word-initially. Double letters (ll, nn, rr) which occur intervocalically represent historic tense consonants. However, modern pronunciation does not necessarily correspond with this.

==Vowels==
'''Long vowels''' are indicated by a grave accent (à, è, ì, ò, ù). When a vowel has an accent mark, that vowel is pronounced, and any adjacent vowels are used for determining the broadness/slenderness of neighboring consonants.

An acute accent is used on 'e' and 'o' (é, ó) in older texts to indicate a slightly different vowel quality. The distinction still exists, although some dialects may be losing it (Gillies 1993); however, this distinction is no indicated by the orthography.

Hiatus is often indicated by a silent 'bh,' 'mh,' 'dh,' 'gh,' or occasionally 'th' between two vowels.

In closed, unstressed syllables, short vowels are pronounced [ə] (or [ɪ]), and long vowels and dipthongs are pronounced [a]. In open unstressed syllables, [i] and [u] can also occur.

Vowel lengthening occurs on short vowels preceding ‘rr,’ ‘ll,’ ‘nn,’ and ‘m’ in all positions EXCEPT when there is also a vowel following the consonant. The vowel either becomes long or a diphthong. The contrast is sometimes, but not always, indicated in the orthography.

ìm [i:m]

ime [imə]

caill [kaiʎ]

caillidh [kaʎi]

Below is a chart of graphemes with corresponding options for the pronunciation of vowels and dipthongs in IPA. While these are the most common options, keep in mind that there are exceptions.

:{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width:"300px"
|align="left"|a
|align="left"|[a], [au]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|e
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[e]
|align="left"|i
|align="left"|[i]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|o
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[o], [[ɔ], [ɔu]
|align="left"|u
|align="left"|[u]
|-
|align="left"|ai
|align="left"|[a], [ai], [ɯi]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|ea
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɛ], [e], [a], [au]
|align="left"|ia
|align="left"|[iə]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|oi
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɔ], [ɤ]
|align="left"|ua
|align="left"|[uə]
|-
|align="left"|ao
|align="left"|[ɯ:]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|ei
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɛ], [ei]
|align="left"|io
|align="left"|[i]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|ui
|align="left"|[u]
|-
|align="left"|aoi
|align="left"|[ɯ:]/ [ɯi]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|eo
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɔ]
|align="left"|iu
|align="left"|[u]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|uai
|align="left"|[uə]
|-
|align="left"|adh, agh
|align="left"|[ɤ(:)]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|eu
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ia], [e:]
|align="left"|iai
|align="left"|[iə]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|abh, amh
|align="left"|[au]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|}

==See also==
-[[Attenuation]]

-[[Broad and Slender]]

-[[Broadening]]

-[[Digraph (definition)]]

-[[Lenition]]

-[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

==References==
http://www.akerbeltz.org/fuaimean/fuaimean.htm

Orthography

2009-09-13T03:06:30Z

JessamynSchertz:

Some general principles for reading Scottish Gaelic orthography are addressed below; however, be aware that there are many exceptions to the following 'rules.' For a more detailed treatment, see the website akerbeltz.org [http://www.akerbeltz.org/fuaimean/fuaimean.htm], a very thorough and accessible reference which includes rules, word lists, and corresponding sound files.

==Consonants==
Consonants in Scottish Gaelic are classified as either 'broad' (''leathann'', sometimes referred to as 'plain' or 'velarized') or 'slender' (''caol'', sometimes referred to as 'palatalized')

Orthographically, vowels are also classified as broad or slender. The graphemes 'a,' 'o,' and 'u' are broad, while 'i' and 'e' are slender.

Vowels on '''both sides''' of a consonant must agree with its broad/slender quality, allowing the reader to determine consonant quality directly from the orthography. The traditional mnemonic for remembering this is ''Caol ri caol is leathann ri leathann'' (slender with slender and broad with broad). In order to read a word, the reader must separate the vowels which are only there as a guide to the pronunciation of the consonant from those which are pronounced.

===Stops===
Broad [[Stops (definition)|stops]] generally correspond to their English equivalents, while the slender versions are palatalized (see [[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]] for further details). What appears from the orthography to be a voicing distinction (i.e. 'b' vs. 'p') is actually a distinction in aspiration (the grapheme 'b' corresponds to [p], while 'p' is [pʰ].

===Fricatives===
[[Fricatives (definition)|Fricatives]] are indicated by sequences o two consonants, always ending in 'h.' Exceptions are 's' and 'f,' which are spelled the same way as English. Again, whether the fricative is broad or slender is indicated by the surrounding vowel(s):

:{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! colspan=2 align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|Broad
! colspan=2 align="left"|Slender
|-
|align="left"|ph
|align="left"|[f]
|align="left"|ph
|align="left"|[fʲ]
|-
|align="left"|bh
|align="left"|[v]
|align="left"|bh
|align="left"|[vʲ]
|-
|align="left"|mh
|align="left"|[v]
|align="left"|mh
|align="left"|[vʲ]
|-
|align="left"|ch
|align="left"|[x]
|align="left"|ch
|align="left"|[ç]
|-
|align="left"|dh
|align="left"|[ɣ]
|align="left"|dh
|align="left"|[ʝ]
|-
|align="left"|gh
|align="left"|[ɣ]
|align="left"|gh
|align="left"|[ʝ]
|-
!align="left"|th
|align="left"|[h]
|align="left"|th
|align="left"|[h]
|-
!align="left"|sh
|align="left"|[h]
|align="left"|sh
|align="left"|[h]
|-
|align="left"|fh
|align="left"|silent
|align="left"|fh
|align="left"|silent (n.b. in a small number of words, 'fh' is pronounced [h]
|}

===Lenition===
[[Lenition]] is indicated by an 'h' following the lenited consonant for all lenitable consonants except 'l,' 'n,' and 'r.'

===Liquids===
[[Liquids]] are always tense word-initially. Double letters (ll, nn, rr) which occur intervocalically represent historic tense consonants. However, modern pronunciation does not necessarily correspond with this.

==Vowels==
'''Long vowels''' are indicated by a grave accent (à, è, ì, ò, ù). When a vowel has an accent mark, that vowel is pronounced, and any adjacent vowels are used for determining the broadness/slenderness of neighboring consonants.

An acute accent is used on 'e' and 'o' (é, ó) in older texts to indicate a slightly different vowel quality. However, this distinction is no longer used in writing.

Hiatus is often indicated by a silent 'bh,' 'mh,' 'dh,' 'gh,' or occasionally 'th' between two vowels.

In closed, unstressed syllables, short vowels are pronounced [ə] (or [ɪ]), and long vowels and dipthongs are pronounced [a]. In open unstressed syllables, [i] and [u] can also occur.

Below is a chart of graphemes with corresponding options for the pronunciation of vowels and dipthongs in IPA. While these are the most common options, keep in mind that there are exceptions.

:{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width:"300px"
|align="left"|a
|align="left"|[a], [au]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|e
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[e]
|align="left"|i
|align="left"|[i]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|o
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[o], [[ɔ], [ɔu]
|align="left"|u
|align="left"|[u]
|-
|align="left"|ai
|align="left"|[a], [ai], [ɯi]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|ea
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɛ], [e], [a], [au]
|align="left"|ia
|align="left"|[iə]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|oi
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɔ], [ɤ]
|align="left"|ua
|align="left"|[uə]
|-
|align="left"|ao
|align="left"|[ɯ:]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|ei
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɛ], [ei]
|align="left"|io
|align="left"|[i]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|ui
|align="left"|[u]
|-
|align="left"|aoi
|align="left"|[ɯ:]/ [ɯi]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|eo
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ɔ]
|align="left"|iu
|align="left"|[u]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|uai
|align="left"|[uə]
|-
|align="left"|adh, agh
|align="left"|[ɤ(:)]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|eu
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|[ia], [e:]
|align="left"|iai
|align="left"|[iə]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|abh, amh
|align="left"|[au]
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left" style="background:#efefef;"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|}

==See also==
-[[Attenuation]]

-[[Broad and Slender]]

-[[Broadening]]

-[[Digraph (definition)]]

-[[Lenition]]

-[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

==References==
http://www.akerbeltz.org/fuaimean/fuaimean.htm

Sounds of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-06T04:18:39Z

JessamynSchertz:

The sound system of Scottish Gaelic is remarkable for its large number of vowels and dipthongs with contrasts in both length and nasalization, as well as for its 'dual sequence' of stops and sonorants.

One caveat which must precede the following material as well as any study of the sound system of Scottish Gaelic is that there is a range of dialectal variation in the language which can significantly affect the sounds of the words and even the phonemic inventory. The material presented here is drawn from various references as well as our own work with the language.

==Vowels==
===Inventory===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |Front
! rowspan=2 |Central
! colspan=2 |Back
|-
!Rounded
!Unrounded
|-
!align="left"|High
|align="center"|i, i:, ĩ, ĩ:
|
|align="center"|u, u:, ũ, ũ:
|align="center"|ɯ, ɯ:, ɯ̃, ɯ̃:
|-
!align="left"|Mid High
|align="center"|e, e:
|
|align="center"|o, o:
|align="center"|ɤ, ɤ:
|-
!align="left"|Mid Low
|align="center"|ɛ, ɛ:, ɛ̃, ɛ̃:
|
|align="center"|ɔ, ɔ:, ɔ̃, ɔ̃:
|
|-
!align="left"|High
|
|align="center"|a, a:, ã, ã:
|
|
|-
|}

The nine-way distinction demonstrated above is generally accepted. However, some scholars (Ladefoged et al. 1998, Gillies 1993) note that the high back unrounded vowel may be merging with [u] and/or [ɤ] in some dialects.

===Diphthongs===

There are two main types of diphthongs. The first set, [iə], [ia], and /uə/, are a result of the breaking of Archaic Irish long vowels (Gillies 1993). The other set of diphthongs close with /i/ or /u/ ([ai], [au], [ei], [ɛu], [əi], [ɔu], and [ɯi]). These have arisen from a sequence of vowel+long consonant or VCC. Diphthongs vary significantly by dialect.

===Nasality===

The oral/nasal distinction appears only in stressed vowels. The nasal vowels are historically a result of assimilation. However, the distinction is now based on different synchronic rules, often a result of analogy (Gillies 1993).

===Length===

Long vowels are about twice as long as short vowels in the same environment (Ò Murchù 1988). The length distinction is usually neutralized in unstressed syllables.

===Unstressed Vowels===

The phonemic inventory above represents the options for vowels in a stressed position. Unstressed vowels neutralize the oral/nasal distinction and the length distinction (Ò Murchù 1988). The options for vowel quality are also limited in unstressed vowels. Underlying short vowels appear as [ə], while underlying long vowels and diphthongs appear as [a]. In open syllables, [i] and [u] can also occur in unstressed position (Gillies 1993). Ladefoged et al. 1998 propose that a larger set of vowels [u, ɔ, ə, a, i, ɛ] can occur in unstressed position.

==Consonants==
===Inventory===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |[[Labial (definition)|Labial]]
! rowspan=2 |[[Dental (definition)|Dental]]
! rowspan=2 |[[Alveolar (definition)|Alveolar]]
! colspan=2 |[[Palatal (definition)|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2 |[[Velarized (definition)|Velarized]]
! rowspan=2 |[[Velar (definition)|Velar]]
! rowspan=2 |[[Glottal (definition)|Glottal]]
|-
!Coronal
!Dorsal
|-
!align="left"|[[Stop (definition)|Stop]]
|align="center"|pʰ, p
|align="center"|t̪ʰ, t̪
|
|align="center"|tʲʰ, tʲ
|align="center"|kʲʰ, kʲ
|align="center"|kʰ, k
|
|-
!align="left"|[[Nasal (definition)|Nasal]]
|align="center"|m
|
|align="center"|n
|align="center"|ɲ
|
|align="center"|nˠ
|
|
|-
!align="left"|[[Fricative (definition)|Fricative]]
|align="center"|f, v
|
|align="center"|s
|align="center"|ʃ
|align="center"|ç, ʝ
|align="center"|x, ɣ
|
|align=center|h
|-
!align="left"|[[Lateral (definition)|Lateral]]
|
|
|align="center"|l
|align="center"|lʲ
|
|align="center"|l̪ˠ
|
|
|-
!align="left"|[[Rhotic (definition)|Rhotic]]
|
|
|align="center"|ɾ
|align="center"|ɾʲ
|
|align="center"|rˠ
|
|
|-
!align="left"|[[Approximate (definition)|Approximate]]
|
|
|
|colspan=2 align="center"|j
|
|
|-
|}

===Allophones===
The velar nasal [ŋ] occurs as an allophone due to assimilation of a nasal vowel with a following velar segment.
[[Aspiration (definition)|Aspirated]] stops are realized as [[Preaspiration (definition)|preaspirated]] (with a small amount of post-aspiration as well) word-medially (Ladefoged et al. 1998).

===Stops===

====Broad and Slender consonants====

Scottish Gaelic has two 'series' of stops, traditionally called 'broad' (leathan) and 'slender' (caol) and recognized as separate classes by native speakers. The two series behave differently in different morphological environments (see [[Initial Consonant Mutations]], [[Lenition]], and thus this classification describes a morphological, rather than a phonetic distinction. The two series are often characterized by linguists as 'plain' or 'velarized' (broad) and 'palatalized' (slender). However, the actual realizations of the broad and slender consonants do not always fit into this phonetic pattern.

====Voicing and Aspiration====

The contrast between stops with the same place of articulation is usually a difference in aspiration as opposed to voicing. However, some scholars claim that there is a voicing distinction as well. Ternes (1973) proposes a four-way distinction ([p-pʰ-b-bʰ]) in his study of the Applecross dialect. MacAulay (1992) mentions that some dialects have a three-way distinction ([p-pʰ-b]), but notes that it is less common than a binary distinction in aspiration.

Ladefoged et al. (1998) examined the contrasts in the stop sequence by measuring the onset of voicing for word-initial stops and the offset and onset of voicing, as well as closure duration, for intervocalic stops. They found conclusive evidence that the distinction in that dialect (Bernara) is in aspiration, not voicing. They also note that preaspiration is considerably longer in duration than regular ('post-') aspiration.

===Nasalized Fricatives===

Nasalized fricatives are sometimes included in the phonemic inventory (Ternes 1973, Gillies 1993, among others). As nasalized fricatives are sometimes thought to be physiologically impossible (see Shosted 2006 for discussion). The status of these segments in Scottish Gaelic is therefore an empirical question currently being examined by the Arizona Scottish Gaelic Phonology and Phonetics Group.

===Sonorants===

Old Irish, the ancestor of Scottish Gaelic, had a four-way distinction for the sonorants 'n,' 'l,' and 'r.' This distinction resulted from a 'fortis' and 'lenis' version of each consonant (now called 'tense' and 'lax'), as well as a [[Broad and Slender|broad/slender]] distinction for each of these. Most dialects of Scottish Gaelic now only have a three-way distinction [http://www.akerbeltz.org/fuaimean/fuaimean.htm].

Traditional Celtic literature has a standard notation for this distinction: 'Tense' consonants are indicated by capital letters, and 'slender' consonants are indicated by a following apostrophe:

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=1 |
! rowspan=1 |Tense
! rowspan=1 |Lax
|-
!align="left"|Broad
|align="center"|L
|align="center"|l
|-
!align="left"|Slender
|align="center"|L'
|align="center"|l'
|-
|}

===Consonant Length===

There is a phonemic contrast in length for sonorants in some dialects. In those dialects that do not have the length distinction, the syllable nucleus is often lengthened instead (MacAulay 2002):

- "gal" 'weeping' [kaL]

- "gall" 'foreigner' [kaL:] or [kauL] in dialects that don't have consonant length.

==References==

- Gillies, W. 1993. Scottish Gaelic. in M. Ball and J. Fife (eds.), The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge.

- Ladefoged, P., J. Ladefoged, A. Turk, K. Hind, and S. Skilton. 1998. Phonetic structures of Scottish Gaelic. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 1-41.

- MacAulay, D. 1992. The Celtic Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

- Ó Murchú, M. 1988. The phonology of a Perthsire idiolect. Scottish Gaelic Studies 15: 20-73.

- Ternes, E. 1973. The phonemic analysis of Scottish Gaelic. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.

References

2009-06-23T19:47:29Z

JessamynSchertz:

*[[Ronald Black|Black, Ronald]] (2006) ''Cothrom Ionnsachaidh'' Peebles: Self-published.
*[[Michel Byrne|Byrne, Michel]] (2002) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig''. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
*Caimbeul, Maoilios (2005) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig: Leabhar-teagaisg le earrannan leughaidh, eacarsaich is freagairtean.'' Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
*[[William Lamb|Lamb, William]] (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
[[Category:Other]]
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2006), ''Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
*Pullum, Geoffrey and W. Ladusaw (1996) ''Phonetic Symbol Guide, 2nd Edition.'' Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Dental (definition)

2009-06-23T15:47:49Z

JessamynSchertz:

Dental is a phonetic [[Place of Articulation (definition)|place of articulation]] involving the upper front teeth.

*Dental consonants in English are [θ] (interdental voiceless fricative) and [ð] (interdental voiced fricative), both represented by the orthography <th>.

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonants Wikipedia page on Dental Consonants]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA Charts]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Alveolar (definition)

2009-06-23T15:41:12Z

JessamynSchertz:

An alveolar consonant is a sound made by the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, the bony ridge behind the upper teeth and in front of the palate.

*the alveolar consonants of English are [t, d, s, z, l, ɹ, n]
*the alveolar consonants of Gaelic are [n, s, l, r, ɾ]

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant Wikipedia article on Alveolar Consonants]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA Charts]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Bilabial (definition)

2009-06-23T15:37:22Z

JessamynSchertz:

A bilabial is a sound made using both lips.

*the bilabial sounds of English are [p, b, m]
*the bilabial sounds of Gaelic are [p, pʰ, m] represented by the spellings <b, p, m> respectively.

==See Also==
*[[Labial (definition)]]

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonants Wikipedia page on Bilabial Consonants]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA Charts]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Bilabial (definition)

2009-06-23T15:35:55Z

JessamynSchertz:

A bilabial is a sound made using both lips.

*the bilabial sounds of English are [p, b, m]

==See Also==
*[[Labial (definition)]]

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonants Wikipedia page on Bilabial Consonants]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA Charts]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Affricate (definition)

2009-06-23T15:30:55Z

JessamynSchertz:

Consonant consisting of a [[Stop (definition)|stop]] followed by a [[Fricative (definition)|fricative]] with the same [[Place of Articulation (definition)|place of articulation]]. Examples from English are [tʃ] and [ʤ].

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet Wikipedia page on the IPA]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonant Wikipedia page on Affricate Consonants]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA chart with sounds]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Alveolar (definition)

2009-06-23T15:28:58Z

JessamynSchertz:

An alveolar consonant is a sound made by the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, the bony ridge behind the upper teeth and in front of the palate.

*the alveolar consonants of English are [t, d, s, z, l, r, n]

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant Wikipedia article on Alveolar Consonants]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA Charts]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Affricate (definition)

2009-06-23T15:22:05Z

JessamynSchertz:

Consonant consisting of a [[Stop (definition)|stop]] followed by a [[Fricative (definition)|fricative]] with the same [[place of articulation]]. Examples from English are [tʃ] and [ʤ].

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet Wikipedia page on the IPA]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonant Wikipedia page on Affricate Consonants]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA chart with sounds]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Affricate (definition)

2009-06-23T15:14:15Z

JessamynSchertz:

Consonant consisting of a [[Stop (definition)|stop]] followed by a [[Fricative (definition)|fricative]] with the same [[place of articulation]. Examples include

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet Wikipedia page on the IPA]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA Wikipedia page on affricates]
[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA chart with sounds]

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]