Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki - User contributions [en]

Tense (time)

2013-11-21T12:14:48Z

Jhchoi:

*Simple present (in the form of progressive aspect)

:{|
|Tha||e||a'||sgriobhadh||litir.
|-
|be.pres||3sg.m||prog||write.vn||letter.sg
|-
|colspan="2"| 'He is writing a letter.'
|}

*Simple past

:{|
|Dh'fuirich||e||greis
|-
|live.pst||3sg.m||awhile
|-
|colspan="2"| 'He stayed for a while.'
|}

*Simple future

:{|
|Òlaidh
|Calum
|leann.
|-
|drink.fut
|Calum
|beer
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Calum will drink beer.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense Grammatical tense from Wikipedia]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]

Tense (time)

2013-11-21T12:11:56Z

Jhchoi:

*Simple past

:{|
|Dh'fuirich||e||greis
|-
|live.pst||3sg.m||awhile
|-
|colspan="2"| 'He stayed for a while.'
|}

*Simple future

:{|
|Òlaidh
|Calum
|leann.
|-
|drink.fut
|Calum
|beer
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Calum will drink beer.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense Grammatical tense from Wikipedia]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]

Tense (time)

2013-11-21T12:09:54Z

Jhchoi:

*Simple future

:{|
|Òlaidh
|Calum
|leann.
|-
|drink.fut
|Calum
|beer
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Calum will drink beer.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense Grammatical tense from Wikipedia]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]

Tense (time)

2013-11-21T12:08:33Z

Jhchoi:

Tense

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense Grammatical tense from Wikipedia]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]

Pluria Tantum

2013-11-21T12:07:00Z

Jhchoi:

The following nouns are not pluria tanta in Gaelic

briogais (britches) is singular in Gaelic

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurale_tantum Plurale tantum from Wikipeida]

[[Category: Semantics]]

Modals

2013-11-21T12:03:39Z

Jhchoi: /* See Also */

feumaidh looks like the future but is actually present tense

==See Also==
*[[Mood (definition)]]
*[[Modals (definition)]]

==References==

[[Category: Semantics]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Modality

2013-11-21T12:02:29Z

Jhchoi:

==Necessity==

Tha+feum+aig+subject+air+N or V

(1)
{|
|Tha||feum||aig||Calum||air||biadh
|-
|be.pres||need||at||Calum||on||food
|+
|colspan="6"|Calum needs food
|}

(2)
{|
|Tha||feum||aig||Calum||air||dol
|-
|be.pres||need||at||Calum||on||go.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|Calum needs to go
|}

(3)
{|
|Feumaidh||Daidhidh||am||balach||a||bhualadh.
|-
|must||David||the||boy||Tran||strike.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'David must strike the boy.'
|}

(4)
{|
|Is||còir||do||Iain||an||leabhar||a||cheannach.
|-
|cop.pres||right||to||John.dat||the.sm||book.sm||Tran||buy.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'John should buy the book.' (MacAulay 1992)
|}

==Possibility==

(1)
{|
|Faodaidh||Daidhidh||Iain||a||bhualadh.
|-
|may||David||John||Tran||strike.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'David may hit Ian.'
|}

(2)
{|
|Dh'fhaodinn||ithe.
|-
|might.1s||eat.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'I might eat.'
|}

(3)
{|
|Dh'fhaodadh||tu||ithe.
|-
|might||you(sg)||eat.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'You might eat.'
|}

(4)
{|
|Is||dòcha||nach||do||cheannaich||Iain||an||leabhar.
|-
|cop.pres||possible||Neg.Comp||to||buy.pst||John||the.sm||book.sm
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is possible that John didn't buy the book.' (MacAulay 1992)
|}

==Ability==

(1)
{|
|'S||urrainn||dhomh||ithe.
|-
|cop.pres||ability||for.1s||eat.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'I can eat.'
|}

(2)
{|
|'S||urrainn||do||Bhob||ithe.
|-
|cop.pres||ability||for||Bob||eat.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'Bob can eat.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb Modal verb from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Impersonals

2013-11-21T11:58:38Z

Jhchoi:

:{|
|Thathar
|a'
|toirt
|rabhadh
|dhaibh.
|-
|be.pres.imp
|simp
|give.vn
|warning
|to.3pl
|-
|colspan="2"| 'They are being warned.'
|}

:{|
|Feumar
|am
|buth
|a
|dhùnadh.
|-
|must.impers
|the
|shop
|prt
|close.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The shop must close.'
|}

==See Also==
==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonal_verb Impersonal verb from Wikipedia]

==References==
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Impersonals

2013-11-21T11:55:12Z

Jhchoi: /* External Links */

==See Also==
==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonal_verb Impersonal verb from Wikipedia]

==References==
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Aspect

2013-11-21T11:41:58Z

Jhchoi:

''To see a definition of the terms used here see [[Aspect (definition)]]''

== Aspect in Scottish Gaelic ==

Aspect takes two forms in Scottish Gaelic: (1) Grammatical or Viewpoint aspect and (2) Lexical aspect or ''Aktionsart''. Viewpoint aspect gives a picture of the flow or architecture of the time of the situation expressed by the proposition. ''Aktionsart'' is inherent to [[verb (definition)|verbs]] or [[verb phrases]] and describes the inherent structure of the eventuality of the proposition in terms of endpoints ([[telicity (definition)|telicity]]) and duration (punctualness/durativity), etc.

==Progressive aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|ag
|ithe
|an
|arain.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|prog
|eat.vn
|the
|bread.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John was eating the bread/John was at the eating of the bread.'
|}

==Perfective aspect==
:{|
|Bha
|Iain
|air
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|be.pst
|John
|perf
|the
|bread.dat
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has eaten the bread.'
|}

==Prospective aspect==
*Prospective aspect is used to express action which is about to happen in the immediate future. When modified by an adverb denoting a more remote time, it can express farther future as well.

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|falbh.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|leave.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is about to leave.'
|}

:{|
|Tha
|an
|duine
|gus
|e
|fhèin
|a
|mharbhadh,
|a-màireach.
|-
|be
|the
|man
|towards
|3ms
|self
|tran
|kill.vn
|tomorrow
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The man is going to kill himself, tomorrow.'
|}

==Comination of aspects==

*Present + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been building the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||an||taigh||a||thogail||(o||chionn||bliadhna).
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||the||house||tran||build.vn||from||occasion.dat||year.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to build/complete the house (for a year).'
|}

*Prospective + perfective

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||an||taigh||a||thogail.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||after||the||house||tran||build.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to have built the house.'
|}

*Perfective + prospective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||air||a||bhith||gus||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe.
|-
|be||John||after||tran||be.vn||towards||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John has been about to be building the house.'
|}

*Prospective + perfective + progressive

:{|
|Tha||Iain||gus||a||bhith||air||a||bhith||a'||togail||an||taighe||dà||bhliaddhna.
|-
|be||John||towards||tran||be.vn||on||tran||be.vn||at||build.vn||the||house.gen||two||year
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John is about to have been building the house for two years.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect Grammatical aspect from Wikipedia]

*[[Grammatical (Viewpoint) Aspect]]

*[[Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category: Aspect]]

Aspect

2013-11-21T11:24:50Z

Jhchoi: /* External Links */

Aspect

2013-11-21T11:23:40Z

Jhchoi:

Aspect

2013-11-21T11:22:25Z

Jhchoi:

Cognate Object

2013-11-21T03:08:57Z

Jhchoi:

==Cognate object==

:{|
|Rinn
|Morag
|fiamh-ghàire.
|-
|make.pst
|Morag
|hint-laugh
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag smiled.'
|}

:{|
|Rinn
|Morag
|fiamh-ghire
|thaitneach.
|-
|make.pst
|Morag
|hint-laugh
|charming
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag smiled a charming smile.'
|}

:{|
|Sheinn
|Morag.
|-
|sing.pst
|Morag
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag sang.'
|}

:{|
|Sheinn
|Morag
|òran.
|-
|sing.pst
|Morag
|song
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag sang a song.'
|}

==Cognate PPs==
:{|
|Pheabraich
|mi
|am
|buntàta
|le
|peabar.
|-
|peppered
|1sg
|the
|potatoes
|with
|pepper
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I peppered the potatoes with pepper.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate_object Cognate object from Wikipedia]

[[Category:Syntax]]

Cognate Object

2013-11-21T03:05:46Z

Jhchoi:

==Cognate object==

:{|
|Rinn
|Morag
|fiamh-ghàire.
|-
|make.pst
|Morag
|hint-laugh
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag smiled.'
|}

:{|
|Rinn
|Morag
|fiamh-ghire
|thaitneach.
|-
|make.pst
|Morag
|hint-laugh
|charming
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag smiled a charming smile.'
|}

:{|
|Sheinn
|Morag.
|-
|sing.pst
|Morag
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag sang.'
|}

:{|
|Sheinn
|Morag
|òran.
|-
|sing.pst
|Morag
|song
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag sang a song.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate_object Cognate object from Wikipedia]

[[Category:Syntax]]

Cognate Object

2013-11-21T03:03:00Z

Jhchoi: Created page with ':{| |Rinn |Morag |fiamh-ghàire. |- |make.pst |Morag |hint-laugh |- |colspan="2"| 'Morag smiled.' |} ==External Links== [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate_object Cognate obje…'

:{|
|Rinn
|Morag
|fiamh-ghàire.
|-
|make.pst
|Morag
|hint-laugh
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Morag smiled.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate_object Cognate object from Wikipedia]

[[Category:Syntax]]

Locative Inversion

2013-11-21T02:55:23Z

Jhchoi:

:{|
|Sheinn
|an
|còisir
|anns
|an
|eaglais.
|-
|sing.pst
|the
|choir
|in
|the
|church
|-
|colspan="2"| 'A choir sang in the church.'
|}

:{|
|... an uair sin,
|sheinn
|anns
|an
|eaglais
|an
|còisir.
|-
|... and then,
|sing.pst
|in
|the
|church
|the
|choir
|-
|colspan="2"| 'A choir sang in the church.'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics) Inversion from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Locative Inversion

2013-11-21T02:50:49Z

Jhchoi: Created page with '==External Links== [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics) Inversion from Wikipedia] Category: Syntax'

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics) Inversion from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Reciprocal

2013-11-21T02:47:59Z

Jhchoi:

==Simple reciprocal==

:{|
|Choinnich||Anna||agus||Ceit.
|-
|meet.pst||Anna||and||Ceit
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Ann and Ceit met (intended meeting).'
|}

:{|
|Phòs||Tom||agus||Morag.
|-
|marry.pst||Tom||and||Morag
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Tom and Mary married.' (only has they married each other)
|}

==Reciprocal alternation==

:{|
|Cho-bhuail||an||car||leis||a'||bhàidhsagal.
|-
|collide.pst||the||car||||with||the||bicycle
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The car collided with the bicycle.'
|}

:{|
|Cho-bhuail||an||car||agus||am||bhàidhsagal.
|-
|collide.pst||the||car||||and||the||bicycle
|-
|colspan="2"| 'The car and the bicycle collided.'
|}

==Apart reciprocal==

:{|
|Bhrisd||mi||an||t-ògan||dhen||mheangan.
|-
|break.pst||1sg||the||twig||from.def||branch
|-
|colspan="2"| 'I broke the twig off the branch.'
|}

== External Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal Reciprocal from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Reciprocal

2013-11-21T02:38:16Z

Jhchoi:

:{|
|Choinnich||Anna||agus||Ceit.
|-
|meet.pst||Anna||and||Ceit
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Ann and Ceit met (intended meeting).'
|}

== External Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal Reciprocal from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Reciprocal

2013-11-21T02:35:55Z

Jhchoi: /* External Links */

== External Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal Reciprocal from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Reciprocal

2013-11-21T02:35:32Z

Jhchoi:

== External Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal Reciprocal from Wikipedia]

[[Cateogyr:Syntax]]

Reciprocal

2013-11-21T02:32:34Z

Jhchoi: Created page with '== External Links == [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal Reciprocal from Wikipedia]'

== External Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal Reciprocal from Wikipedia]

Reflexive Pronouns

2013-11-18T14:11:30Z

Jhchoi: /* Examples */

==Reflexive Pronouns==
*For a definition of reflexive see [[Reflexive (definition)]]

Reflexive pronouns (in English forms like myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) are used obligatorily when referring back to another noun that has been named in the same [[Clause (definition)|clause]], e.g., '' John loves himself'' (''himself'' refers back to ''John''). In other words they are used as [[Anaphor (definition)|anaphors]].

In Gaelic, unlike English (but used this way in Irish English and Hebredean English), reflexive pronouns can also be used as Emphasis. In such uses, they are not anaphoric (i.e. they don't refer back to a previous noun). For example, they can be used in subject position: ''Tha è fhèin a' tighinn'' (Literally "himself is coming", but colloquially '' '''HE''' is coming.'')

In Gaelic the reflexive is formed by attaching ''fhèin'' (sometimes ''fhìn'' in the first person) to either basic grade or emphatic grade pronouns. This is usually written as a separate word.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1st
|mi fhìn or mi fhèin
|sinn fhèin
|-
|2nd
|thu fhèin
|sibh fhèin
|-
|3rd masc
|e fhèin
|rowspan="2"|iad fhèin
|-
|3rd fem
|i fhèin
|}
'''Note:'''
*The choice of ''fhìn'' or ''fhèin'' with the 1st person singular is a matter of dialect. In Skye the form ''fhìn'' is more frequently used than ''fhèin''
*Also: ''mise fhìn, thusa fhèin, esan fhèin, ise fhèin, sinne fhèin, sibhse fhèin,'' and ''iadsan fhèin.''

==Examples==

{|
|Chuir||Jill||uimpe||fhèin||gu||cabhagach.
|-
|put.pst||Jill||on.3sg.f||self||adv||hurry
|+
|colspan="6"|'Jill dressed herself hurriedly.' (Levin)
|}

*Virtual reflexive alternation

{|
|Cha||mhòr||nach||gear||an||fheòil||seo||i||fhèin.
|-
|Neg||big||Neg.C||cut.fut||the||meat||Prox||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'This meat (practically) cuts itself.' (Levin)
|}

{|
|Fosglaidh||an||uinneag||i||fhèin.
|-
|open.fut||the||window||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The window opens itself.' (Levin)
|}

*Reflexive of appearance

{|
|Thaisbean||fuasgladh||dhan||a'||cheist||e||fhèin||an dè.
|-
|present.pst||solution||to.def||the||question||3sg.m||Refl||yesterday
|+
|colspan="6"|'A solution to the problem presented itself yesterday.' (Levin)
|}

*Obligatory reflexive object

{|
|Shleuchd||an||t-sagart||e||fhèin.
|-
|prostrate.pst||||the||priest||3sg.m||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The priest prostrated himself.' (Levin)
|}

[[Category: Parts of Speech]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Reflexive Pronouns

2013-11-18T14:09:40Z

Jhchoi: /* Examples */

Reflexive Pronouns

2013-11-18T14:09:15Z

Jhchoi: /* Examples */

Reflexive Pronouns

2013-11-18T14:08:43Z

Jhchoi: /* Examples */

==Reflexive Pronouns==
*For a definition of reflexive see [[Reflexive (definition)]]

Reflexive pronouns (in English forms like myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) are used obligatorily when referring back to another noun that has been named in the same [[Clause (definition)|clause]], e.g., '' John loves himself'' (''himself'' refers back to ''John''). In other words they are used as [[Anaphor (definition)|anaphors]].

In Gaelic, unlike English (but used this way in Irish English and Hebredean English), reflexive pronouns can also be used as Emphasis. In such uses, they are not anaphoric (i.e. they don't refer back to a previous noun). For example, they can be used in subject position: ''Tha è fhèin a' tighinn'' (Literally "himself is coming", but colloquially '' '''HE''' is coming.'')

In Gaelic the reflexive is formed by attaching ''fhèin'' (sometimes ''fhìn'' in the first person) to either basic grade or emphatic grade pronouns. This is usually written as a separate word.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1st
|mi fhìn or mi fhèin
|sinn fhèin
|-
|2nd
|thu fhèin
|sibh fhèin
|-
|3rd masc
|e fhèin
|rowspan="2"|iad fhèin
|-
|3rd fem
|i fhèin
|}
'''Note:'''
*The choice of ''fhìn'' or ''fhèin'' with the 1st person singular is a matter of dialect. In Skye the form ''fhìn'' is more frequently used than ''fhèin''
*Also: ''mise fhìn, thusa fhèin, esan fhèin, ise fhèin, sinne fhèin, sibhse fhèin,'' and ''iadsan fhèin.''

==Examples==

{|
|Chuir||Jill||uimpe||fhèin||gu||cabhagach.
|-
|put.pst||Jill||on.3sg.f||self||adv||hurry
|+
|colspan="6"|'Jill dressed herself hurriedly.' (Levin)
|}

*Virtual reflexive alternation

{|
|Cha||mhòr||nach||gear||an||fheòil||seo||i||fhèin.
|-
|Neg||big||Neg.C||cut.fut||the||meat||Prox||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'This meat (practically) cuts itself.' (Levin)
|}

{|
|Fosglaidh||an||uinneag||i||fhèin.
|open.fut||the||window||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The window opens itself.' (Levin)
|}

*Reflexive of appearance

{|
|Thaisbean||fuasgladh||dhan||a'||cheist||e||fhèin||an dè.
|-
|present.pst||solution||to.def||the||question||3sg.m||Refl||yesterday
|+
|colspan="6"|'A solution to the problem presented itself yesterday.' (Levin)
|}

*Obligatory reflexive object

{|
|Shleuchd||an||t-sagart||e||fhèin.
|-
|prostrate.pst||||the||priest||3sg.m||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The priest prostrated himself.' (Levin)
|}

[[Category: Parts of Speech]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Reflexive Pronouns

2013-11-18T14:08:13Z

Jhchoi: /* Examples */

==Reflexive Pronouns==
*For a definition of reflexive see [[Reflexive (definition)]]

Reflexive pronouns (in English forms like myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) are used obligatorily when referring back to another noun that has been named in the same [[Clause (definition)|clause]], e.g., '' John loves himself'' (''himself'' refers back to ''John''). In other words they are used as [[Anaphor (definition)|anaphors]].

In Gaelic, unlike English (but used this way in Irish English and Hebredean English), reflexive pronouns can also be used as Emphasis. In such uses, they are not anaphoric (i.e. they don't refer back to a previous noun). For example, they can be used in subject position: ''Tha è fhèin a' tighinn'' (Literally "himself is coming", but colloquially '' '''HE''' is coming.'')

In Gaelic the reflexive is formed by attaching ''fhèin'' (sometimes ''fhìn'' in the first person) to either basic grade or emphatic grade pronouns. This is usually written as a separate word.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1st
|mi fhìn or mi fhèin
|sinn fhèin
|-
|2nd
|thu fhèin
|sibh fhèin
|-
|3rd masc
|e fhèin
|rowspan="2"|iad fhèin
|-
|3rd fem
|i fhèin
|}
'''Note:'''
*The choice of ''fhìn'' or ''fhèin'' with the 1st person singular is a matter of dialect. In Skye the form ''fhìn'' is more frequently used than ''fhèin''
*Also: ''mise fhìn, thusa fhèin, esan fhèin, ise fhèin, sinne fhèin, sibhse fhèin,'' and ''iadsan fhèin.''

==Examples==

{|
|Chuir||Jill||uimpe||fhèin||gu||cabhagach.
|-
|put.pst||Jill||on.3sg.f||self||adv||hurry
|+
|colspan="6"|'Jill dressed herself hurriedly.' (Levin)
|}

*Virtual reflexive alternation

{|
|Cha||mhòr||nach||gear||an||fheòil||seo||i||fhèin.
|-
|Neg||big||Neg.C||cut.fut||the||meat||Prox||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'This meat (practically) cuts itself.' (Levin)
|}

{|
|Fosglaidh||an||uinneag||i||fhèin.
|open.fut||the||window||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The window opens itself.' (Levin)
|}

*Reflexive of appearance

{
|Thaisbean||fuasgladh||dhan||a'||cheist||e||fhèin||an dè.
|-
|present.pst||solution||to.def||the||question||3sg.m||Refl||yesterday
|+
|colspan="6"|'A solution to the problem presented itself yesterday.' (Levin)
|}

*Obligatory reflexive object

{
|Shleuchd||an||t-sagart||e||fhèin.
|-
|prostrate.pst||||the||priest||3sg.m||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The priest prostrated himself.' (Levin)
|}

[[Category: Parts of Speech]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Reflexive Pronouns

2013-11-18T14:07:25Z

Jhchoi: /* Reflexive Pronouns */

==Reflexive Pronouns==
*For a definition of reflexive see [[Reflexive (definition)]]

Reflexive pronouns (in English forms like myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) are used obligatorily when referring back to another noun that has been named in the same [[Clause (definition)|clause]], e.g., '' John loves himself'' (''himself'' refers back to ''John''). In other words they are used as [[Anaphor (definition)|anaphors]].

In Gaelic, unlike English (but used this way in Irish English and Hebredean English), reflexive pronouns can also be used as Emphasis. In such uses, they are not anaphoric (i.e. they don't refer back to a previous noun). For example, they can be used in subject position: ''Tha è fhèin a' tighinn'' (Literally "himself is coming", but colloquially '' '''HE''' is coming.'')

In Gaelic the reflexive is formed by attaching ''fhèin'' (sometimes ''fhìn'' in the first person) to either basic grade or emphatic grade pronouns. This is usually written as a separate word.

{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
!person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|1st
|mi fhìn or mi fhèin
|sinn fhèin
|-
|2nd
|thu fhèin
|sibh fhèin
|-
|3rd masc
|e fhèin
|rowspan="2"|iad fhèin
|-
|3rd fem
|i fhèin
|}
'''Note:'''
*The choice of ''fhìn'' or ''fhèin'' with the 1st person singular is a matter of dialect. In Skye the form ''fhìn'' is more frequently used than ''fhèin''
*Also: ''mise fhìn, thusa fhèin, esan fhèin, ise fhèin, sinne fhèin, sibhse fhèin,'' and ''iadsan fhèin.''

==Examples==
{|
|Chuir||Jill||uimpe||fhèin||gu||cabhagach.
|-
|put.pst||Jill||on.3sg.f||self||adv||hurry
|+
|colspan="6"|'Jill dressed herself hurriedly.' (Levin)
|}

*Virtual reflexive alternation
{|
|Cha||mhòr||nach||gear||an||fheòil||seo||i||fhèin.
|-
|Neg||big||Neg.C||cut.fut||the||meat||Prox||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'This meat (practically) cuts itself.' (Levin)
|}

{|
|Fosglaidh||an||uinneag||i||fhèin.
|open.fut||the||window||3sg.f||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The window opens itself.' (Levin)
|}

*Reflexive of appearance
:{
|Thaisbean||fuasgladh||dhan||a'||cheist||e||fhèin||an dè.
|-
|present.pst||solution||to.def||the||question||3sg.m||Refl||yesterday
|+
|colspan="6"|'A solution to the problem presented itself yesterday.' (Levin)
|}

*Obligatory reflexive object
:{
|Shleuchd||an||t-sagart||e||fhèin.
|-
|prostrate.pst||||the||priest||3sg.m||Refl
|+
|colspan="6"|'The priest prostrated himself.' (Levin)
|}

[[Category: Parts of Speech]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Clefts

2013-11-18T13:54:14Z

Jhchoi:

==Noun clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''e'''||a'||cheist||sin||a||fhreagairt||a||tha||doirbh.
|-
|Cop||it||the||question||that||Tran||answer.vn||wh-C||be.pres||difficult
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is answering that question that is difficult.' (Adger 1994)
|}

{|
|''''S'''||'''e'''||am||ministear||a||tha||mis||a'||ceilidh||air||a-nochd.
|-
|Cop||it||the||minister||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||Prog||visit.vn||on||tonight
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is the minister that I am visiting tonight.' (Adger 1994)
|}

==Clause clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''e'''||gun||do||bhuail||thu||an||cat||a||tha||mi||a'||ciallachadh.
|-
|Cop||it||that||Pst||strike.pst||2sg||the||cat||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||prog||mean.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is that you struck the cat that I mean.' (Adger 1994)
|}

==Adverb clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''ann'''||a-nochd||a||tha||mi||a'||ceilidh||air||minister.
|-
|Cop||in.3sg.m||tonight||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||prog||visit.vn||on||minister
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is tonight that I am visiting a minister.' (Adger 1994)
|}

==Aspect phrase clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''ann'''||a'||ceilidh||air||minister||a||tha||mi||a-nochd.
|-
|Cop||in.3sg.m||prog||visit.vn||on||minister||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||tonight
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is visiting a minister that I am tonight.' (Adger 1994)
|}

'S e Dòmhnal a tha a dòl amach.

'S ann a' cluich a tha e

'S ann a glaschu a tha e

*chan e
*an e
*gur e
*b'e
*cha b'e
*Is ann
*chan ann
*an ann
*gur ann
*b' ann
*cha b'ann
*am b'ann
*gum b'ann

==See Also==
[[Cleft (definition)]]

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_sentence Cleft sentence from Wikipedia]

==References==

[[Category: Syntax]]

Measure phrases

2013-11-18T13:52:57Z

Jhchoi:

{|
|Feumaidh||a'||cho-labhair||mairsinn||seachdainn.
|-
|must||the||conference||last.vn||week
|+
|colspan="6"|'The conference must last a week.' (Adger 1994)
|}

{|
|Feumaidh||a'||cho-labhair||cosg||ttri||mile||not.
|-
|must||the||conference||cost||three||thousand||pounds
|+
|colspan="6"|'The conference has to cost 3000 pounds.' (Adger 1994)
|}

Measure phrases

2013-11-18T13:52:34Z

Jhchoi: Created page with '{| |Feumaidh||a'||cho-labhair||mairsinn||seachdainn. |- |must||the||conference||last.vn||week |+ |colspan="6"|'The conference must last a week.' (Adger 1994) |} {| |Feumaidh||a'…'

Clefts

2013-11-18T13:47:50Z

Jhchoi:

==Noun clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''e'''||a'||cheist||sin||a||fhreagairt||a||tha||doirbh.
|-
|Cop||it||the||question||that||Tran||answer.vn||wh-C||be.pres||difficult
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is answering that question that is difficult.'
|}

{|
|''''S'''||'''e'''||am||ministear||a||tha||mis||a'||ceilidh||air||a-nochd.
|-
|Cop||it||the||minister||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||Prog||visit.vn||on||tonight
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is the minister that I am visiting tonight.'
|}

==Clause clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''e'''||gun||do||bhuail||thu||an||cat||a||tha||mi||a'||ciallachadh.
|-
|Cop||it||that||Pst||strike.pst||2sg||the||cat||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||prog||mean.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is that you struck the cat that I mean.'
|}

==Adverb clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''ann'''||a-nochd||a||tha||mi||a'||ceilidh||air||minister.
|-
|Cop||in.3sg.m||tonight||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||prog||visit.vn||on||minister
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is tonight that I am visiting a minister.'
|}

==Aspect phrase clefting==
{|
|''''S'''||'''ann'''||a'||ceilidh||air||minister||a||tha||mi||a-nochd.
|-
|Cop||in.3sg.m||prog||visit.vn||on||minister||wh-C||be.pres||1sg||tonight
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is visiting a minister that I am tonight.'
|}

'S e Dòmhnal a tha a dòl amach.

'S ann a' cluich a tha e

'S ann a glaschu a tha e

*chan e
*an e
*gur e
*b'e
*cha b'e
*Is ann
*chan ann
*an ann
*gur ann
*b' ann
*cha b'ann
*am b'ann
*gum b'ann

==See Also==
[[Cleft (definition)]]

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_sentence Cleft sentence from Wikipedia]

==References==

[[Category: Syntax]]

Clefts

2013-11-18T13:35:57Z

Jhchoi: /* See Also */

'S e Dòmhnal a tha a dòl amach.
'S ann a' cluich a tha e
'S ann a glaschu a tha e

*chan e
*an e
*gur e
*b'e
*cha b'e
*Is ann
*chan ann
*an ann
*gur ann
*b' ann
*cha b'ann
*am b'ann
*gum b'ann

==See Also==
[[Cleft (definition)]]

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_sentence Cleft sentence from Wikipedia]

==References==

[[Category: Syntax]]

Clefts

2013-11-18T13:35:28Z

Jhchoi: /* External Links */

'S e Dòmhnal a tha a dòl amach.
'S ann a' cluich a tha e
'S ann a glaschu a tha e

*chan e
*an e
*gur e
*b'e
*cha b'e
*Is ann
*chan ann
*an ann
*gur ann
*b' ann
*cha b'ann
*am b'ann
*gum b'ann

==See Also==

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_sentence Cleft sentence from Wikipedia]

==References==

[[Category: Syntax]]

VSO

2013-11-18T13:32:40Z

Jhchoi:

VSO stands for Verb Subject Object. The basic neutral word order of Gaelic.

==VSO==
:{|
|Bhreab||Daibhidh||an||cat.
|-
|kick.pst||David||the||cat
|+
|colspan="2"| 'David kicked the cat.' (Adger 1997)
|}

==SVO==
*Progressive construction
:{|
|Tha||Daibhidh||a'||breabadh||a'||chai.
|-
|be.pres||David||prog||kick.vn||the||cat.gen
|-
|colspan="2"| 'David is kicking the cat.' (Adger 1997)
|}

==SOV==
:{|
|Tha||Daibhidh||air||an||cat||a||bhreabadh.
|-
|be.pres||David||Perf||the||cat.sg||kick.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'David has kicked the cat.' (Adger 1997)
|}

==See Also==
*[[Word Order]]

[[Category: Syntax]]

VSO

2013-11-18T13:30:03Z

Jhchoi:

VSO stands for Verb Subject Object. The basic neutral word order of Gaelic.

==VSO==
:{|
|Bhreab|Daibhidh|an|cat.|-
|kick.pst|David|the|cat|-
|colspan="2"| 'David kicked the cat.' (Adger 1997)
|}

==SVO==
*Progressive construction
:{|
|Tha|Daibhidh|a'|breabadh|a'|chai.|-
|be.pres|David|prog|kick.vn|the|cat.gen|-
|colspan="2"| 'David is kicking the cat.' (Adger 1997)
|}

==SOV==
:{|
|Tha|Daibhidh|air|an|cat|a|bhreabadh.|-
|be.pres|David|Perf|the|cat.sg|kick.vn|-
|colspan="2"| 'David has kicked the cat.' (Adger 1997)
|}

==See Also==
*[[Word Order]]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Transitive

2013-11-18T13:07:24Z

Jhchoi: Created page with '==Transitive verb + noun object== :{| |Dh'ith |Iain |an |t-aran. |- |eat.pst |John |the |bread |- |colspan="2"| 'John ate the bread.' (MacAulay 1988) |} :{| |Chuala |Iain |am |…'

==Transitive verb + noun object==

:{|
|Dh'ith
|Iain
|an
|t-aran.
|-
|eat.pst
|John
|the
|bread
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John ate the bread.' (MacAulay 1988)
|}

:{|
|Chuala
|Iain
|am
|fuaim.
|-
|hear.pst
|John
|the
|noise
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John heared the noise.' (MacAulay 1988)
|}

:{|
|Mharbh
|Iain
|Màiri.
|-
|kill.pst
|John
|Mary
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John killed Mary.' (MacAulay 1988)
|}

:{|
|Dh'iarr
|Iain
|airson
|an
|t-aran.
|-
|ask.pst
|John
|for
|the
|bread
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John asked for the bread.' (MacAulay 1988)
|}

==Transitive verb + finite clause==

:{|
|Chuala
|Iain
|gun
|do
|dh'ith
|Màiri
|an
|t-aran.
|-
|hear.pst
|John
|that
|
|eat.pst
|Mary
|the
|bread
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John heard that Mary ate the bread.' (MacAulay 1988)
|}

==Trnasitive verb + non-finite clause==

:{|
|Dh'iarr
|Iain
|an
|t-aran
|ithe.
|-
|ask.pst
|John
|the
|bread
|eat.vn
|-
|colspan="2"| 'John asked that the bread be eaten.' (MacAulay 1988)
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29 Copula from Wikipedia]

[[Category: Syntax]]

Tag Questions

2013-11-18T12:51:40Z

Jhchoi:

:{|
|Leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|nach
|do
|leugh?
|-
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|neg.Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill read that book, didn't he?'
|}

:{|
|Cha
|do
|leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|an
|do
|leugh?
|-
|Neg
|pst
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill didn't read that book, did he?'
|}

:{|
|Leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|an
|do
|leugh?
|-
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill read that book, did he?'
|}

:{|
|*Cha
|do
|leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|nach
|do
|leugh?
|-
|Neg
|pst
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|Neg.Q
|past
|read
|-
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_question Tag question from Wikipedia]

[[Category:Syntax]]

Tag Questions

2013-11-18T12:48:20Z

Jhchoi:

:{|
|Leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|nach
|do
|leugh?
|-
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|neg.Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill read that book, didn't he?'
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_question Tag question from Wikipedia]

[[Category:Syntax]]

Tag Questions

2013-11-18T12:46:56Z

Jhchoi:

:{|
|Leugh
|Bill
|an
|leabhar
|sin,
|nach
|do
|leugh?
|-
|read
|Bill
|the
|book
|dist
|neg.Q
|past
|read
|-
|colspan="2"| 'Bill read that book, didn't he?'
|}

[[Category:Syntax]]

Passives

2013-11-18T12:41:55Z

Jhchoi:

The Passive form can be formed using the verbs both 'be' and 'go'. Furthermore, 'be' can be formed using a transitive and a perfective particle.

==The Passive==

:{|
|'''Bhrisd'''
|'''Iain'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|-
|break.PAST
|Iain
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|-
|colspan="3"| 'John broke the glass'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bhrisd'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|-
|break.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass broke'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''brisde'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''brisde'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|*with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken (*by John).'
|-
|colspan="3"| Ungrammatical because verbal adjective disallows an agent
|}(Reed, 2008)

=='Go' Passives==

:{|
|'''Chaidh'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh.'''
|-
|go.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|poss.3sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Chaidh'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|go.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|poss.3sf
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken by John.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==Perfective Transitive Particle Form==

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|perf
|tran(poss.3sf)
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh'''
|'''with'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|perf
|tran(poss.3sf)
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken by John.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==Verbal Adjective Constructions==

:{|
|'''Tha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisde'''
|-
|be.PRES
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Tha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisde'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain'''
|-
|be.PRES
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken (*by John).'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==The Prepositional Passive (Pseudopassive)==

:{|
|Chaidil
|George Washington
|anns
|an
|leabaidh
|seo.
|-
|sleep.pst
|George Washington
|in
|the
|bed
|seo.
|-
|colspan="3"| 'Geroge Washington slept in this bed.' (Levin)
|}

:{|
|Bha
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cosg
|le
|George Washington.
|-
|be.pst
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|use
|by
|George Washington
|-
|colspan="3"| 'This bed was used by George Washington.' (Levin)
|}

:{|
|*Bha
|ann
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cadal
|le
|George Washington.
|-
|be.pst
|in
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|sleep
|by
|George Washington (Levin)
|-
|}

:{|
|Bha
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cadal
|ann
|mar tha.
|-
|be.pst
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|sleep
|in.3sg
|already
|-
|colspan="3"| 'This bed was slept in already.' (Levin)
|}

==Obligatory Passive==

:{|
|Chaidh
|a
|sgaoladh
|gun
|do
|dh'fàhg
|e
|am
|baile.
|-
|go.pst
|3sg.m.poss
|spreading
|that
|pst
|leave.pst
|3sg.m
|the
|town
|-
|colspan="3"| 'It is rumored that he left the town.' (Levin)
|}

:{|
|*Sagol
|iad
|gun
|do
|dh'fàhg
|e
|am
|baile.
|-
|spread
|3pl
|that
|pst
|leave.pst
|3sg.m
|the
|town (Levin)
|-
|}

*[[Passive (definition)]]
*[[Impersonal (definition)]]
[[Category:Syntax]]

Passives

2013-11-18T12:37:07Z

Jhchoi: /* The Prepositional Passive (Pseudopassive) */

The Passive form can be formed using the verbs both 'be' and 'go'. Furthermore, 'be' can be formed using a transitive and a perfective particle.

==The Passive==

:{|
|'''Bhrisd'''
|'''Iain'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|-
|break.PAST
|Iain
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|-
|colspan="3"| 'John broke the glass'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bhrisd'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|-
|break.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass broke'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''brisde'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''brisde'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|*with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken (*by John).'
|-
|colspan="3"| Ungrammatical because verbal adjective disallows an agent
|}(Reed, 2008)

=='Go' Passives==

:{|
|'''Chaidh'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh.'''
|-
|go.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|poss.3sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Chaidh'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|go.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|poss.3sf
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken by John.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==Perfective Transitive Particle Form==

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|perf
|tran(poss.3sf)
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh'''
|'''with'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|perf
|tran(poss.3sf)
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken by John.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==Verbal Adjective Constructions==

:{|
|'''Tha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisde'''
|-
|be.PRES
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Tha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisde'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain'''
|-
|be.PRES
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken (*by John).'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==The Prepositional Passive (Pseudopassive)==

:{|
|Chaidil
|George Washington
|anns
|an
|leabaidh
|seo.
|-
|sleep.pst
|George Washington
|in
|the
|bed
|seo.
|-
|colspan="3"| 'Geroge Washington slept in this bed.' (Levin)
|}

:{|
|Bha
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cosg
|le
|George Washington.
|-
|be.pst
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|use
|by
|George Washington
|-
|colspan="3"| 'This bed was used by George Washington.' (Levin)
|}

:{|
|*Bha
|ann
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cadal
|le
|George Washington.
|-
|be.pst
|in
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|sleep
|by
|George Washington (Levin)
|-
|}

:{|
|Bha
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cadal
|ann
|mar tha.
|-
|be.pst
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|sleep
|in.3sg
|already
|-
|colspan="3"| 'This bed was slept in already.' (Levin)
|}

*[[Passive (definition)]]
*[[Impersonal (definition)]]
[[Category:Syntax]]

Passives

2013-11-18T12:35:53Z

Jhchoi:

The Passive form can be formed using the verbs both 'be' and 'go'. Furthermore, 'be' can be formed using a transitive and a perfective particle.

==The Passive==

:{|
|'''Bhrisd'''
|'''Iain'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|-
|break.PAST
|Iain
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|-
|colspan="3"| 'John broke the glass'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bhrisd'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|-
|break.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass broke'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''brisde'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''brisde'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|*with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken (*by John).'
|-
|colspan="3"| Ungrammatical because verbal adjective disallows an agent
|}(Reed, 2008)

=='Go' Passives==

:{|
|'''Chaidh'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh.'''
|-
|go.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|poss.3sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Chaidh'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|go.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|poss.3sf
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken by John.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==Perfective Transitive Particle Form==

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|perf
|tran(poss.3sf)
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Bha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisdeadh'''
|'''with'''
|'''Iain.'''
|-
|be.PAST
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|perf
|tran(poss.3sf)
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken by John.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==Verbal Adjective Constructions==

:{|
|'''Tha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisde'''
|-
|be.PRES
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken.'
|}(Reed, 2008)

:{|
|'''Tha'''
|'''a''''
|'''ghloinne'''
|'''air'''
|'''a'''
|'''brisde'''
|'''le'''
|'''Iain'''
|-
|be.PRES
|the.sf
|glass.sf
|break.va
|with
|Iain
|-
|colspan="3"| 'The glass was broken (*by John).'
|}(Reed, 2008)

==The Prepositional Passive (Pseudopassive)==

:{|
|Chaidil
|George Washington
|anns
|an
|leabaidh
|seo.
|-
|sleep.pst
|George Washington
|in
|the
|bed
|seo.
|-
|colspan="3"| 'Geroge Washington slept in this bed.'
|}(Levin)

:{|
|Bha
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cosg
|le
|George Washington.
|-
|be.pst
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|use
|by
|George Washington
|-
|colspan="3"| 'This bed was used by George Washington.'
|}(Levin)

:{|
|*Bha
|ann
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cadal
|le
|George Washington.
|-
|be.pst
|in
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|sleep
|by
|George Washington
|-
|}(Levin)

:{|
|Bha
|an
|leabaidh
|seo
|air
|a
|cadal
|ann
|mar tha.
|-
|be.pst
|the
|bed
|prox
|pass
|3sg.f.poss
|sleep
|in.3sg
|already
|-
|colspan="3"| 'This bed was slept in already.'
|}(Levin)

*[[Passive (definition)]]
*[[Impersonal (definition)]]
[[Category:Syntax]]

Mood

2013-11-18T12:14:25Z

Jhchoi: /* See Also */

''for a definition of Mood see [[Mood (definition)]]''

==Necessity==

==Want/need==
*Tha mi ag iarraidh cupa tì

==Permission==
*Am faod mi, takes inverted nominal construction

==Possibility==
*'S docha gum ... (takes tensed embedded clause)

==Obligation==

==See Also==
*[[Mood (definition)]]

[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category: Mood]]

Modality

2013-11-18T12:13:05Z

Jhchoi:

Modality

2013-11-18T12:08:31Z

Jhchoi: /* Possibility */

==Necessity==

Tha+feum+aig+subject+air+N or V

(1)
{|
|Tha||feum||aig||Calum||air||biadh
|-
|be.pres||need||at||Calum||on||food
|+
|colspan="6"|Calum needs food
|}

(2)
{|
|Tha||feum||aig||Calum||air||dol
|-
|be.pres||need||at||Calum||on||go.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|Calum needs to go
|}

==Possibility==

(1)
{|
|Faodaidh||Daidhidh||Iain||a||bhualadh.
|-
|may||David||John||Tran||strike.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'David may hit Ian.'
|}

(2)
{|
|Dh'fhaodinn||ithe.
|-
|might.1s||eat.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'I might eat.'
|}

(3)
{|
|Dh'fhaodadh||tu||ithe.
|-
|might||you(sg)||eat.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'You might eat.'
|}

==Obligation==
(1)
{|
|Feumaidh||Daidhidh||am||balach||a||bhualadh.
|-
|must||David||the||boy||Tran||strike.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'David must strike the boy.'
|}

==''Is'' copula introduces a modal complement==
(1)
{|
|Is||còir||do||Iain||an||leabhar||a||cheannach.
|-
|cop.pres||right||to||John.dat||the.sm||book.sm||Tran||buy.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'John should buy the book.' (MacAulay 1992)
|}

(2)
{|
|Is||dòcha||nach||do||cheannaich||Iain||an||leabhar.
|-
|cop.pres||possible||Neg.Comp||to||buy.pst||John||the.sm||book.sm
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is possible that John didn't buy the book.' (MacAulay 1992)
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb Modal verb from Wikipedia]

Modality

2013-11-18T12:04:46Z

Jhchoi:

==Necessity==

Tha+feum+aig+subject+air+N or V

(1)
{|
|Tha||feum||aig||Calum||air||biadh
|-
|be.pres||need||at||Calum||on||food
|+
|colspan="6"|Calum needs food
|}

(2)
{|
|Tha||feum||aig||Calum||air||dol
|-
|be.pres||need||at||Calum||on||go.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|Calum needs to go
|}

==Possibility==

(1)
{|
|Faodaidh||Daidhidh||Iain||a||bhualadh.
|-
|may||David||John||Tran||strike.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'David may hit Ian.'
|}

==Obligation==
(1)
{|
|Feumaidh||Daidhidh||am||balach||a||bhualadh.
|-
|must||David||the||boy||Tran||strike.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'David must strike the boy.'
|}

==''Is'' copula introduces a modal complement==
(1)
{|
|Is||còir||do||Iain||an||leabhar||a||cheannach.
|-
|cop.pres||right||to||John.dat||the.sm||book.sm||Tran||buy.vn
|+
|colspan="6"|'John should buy the book.' (MacAulay 1992)
|}

(2)
{|
|Is||dòcha||nach||do||cheannaich||Iain||an||leabhar.
|-
|cop.pres||possible||Neg.Comp||to||buy.pst||John||the.sm||book.sm
|+
|colspan="6"|'It is possible that John didn't buy the book.' (MacAulay 1992)
|}

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb Modal verb from Wikipedia]

Modality

2013-11-18T11:54:44Z

Jhchoi:

Modality

2013-11-18T11:52:53Z

Jhchoi: