Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki - User contributions [en]

Postalveolar (definition)

2009-12-03T00:27:58Z

KeelyZabonik:

A post alveolar sound is pronounced with the tongue slightly behind the [[Alveolar (definition)|alveolar ridge]] in the mouth.
*the post alveolar sounds of English [ʃ], [ʒ], [dʒ], [tʃ]
*the post alveolar sounds of Gaelic [ʃ], [tʲ], [dʲ]

==See Also==
*[[Alveolar (definition)]]
*[[Palatal (definition)]]

==External Links==

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant

*http://www.viswiki.com/en/Postalveolar_consonant

*http://en.allexperts.com/e/p/po/postalveolar_consonant.htm

==References==
*Crystal, David. (1997) ''A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.'' Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]
[[Category: Places of Articulation]]

Plural (definition)

2009-12-03T00:24:21Z

KeelyZabonik:

''*article on plurals in Gaelic: [[Plural Formation]]

Plural is a kind of [[Number (definition)|number]]. It is used when there is more than one object or a small group. In English the plural is often indicated with the suffix ''–s'' as in ''cats''. In Gaelic, one common plural suffix is ''-an''

==See Also==
*[[Noun (definition)]]
*[[Singular (definition)]]
*[[Plural Formation|Forming the plural in Gaelic]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural
*http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Plural

==References==
*Matthews, P. H. (1997) ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category:Morphology]]

Place of Articulation (definition)

2009-12-03T00:22:30Z

KeelyZabonik:

The term place of articulation refers to the place in the mouth where the sound is produced or where there is the most contact or near contact of articulators. This is how consonants are classified.

*[[Labial (definition)]]
**[[Bilabial (definition)]]
**[[Labiodental (definition)]]
*[[Dental (definition)]]
*[[Coronal (definition)]]
*[[Alveolar (definition)]]
**[[Post Alveolar (definition)]]
*[[Palatal (definition)]]
*[[Velar (definition)]]
*[[Uvular (definition)]]
*[[Glottal (definition)]]

==See Also==
*[[Manner of Articulation (definition)]]
*[[Voice in Phonetics (definition)]]
*[[Consonant (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Interactive IPA Charts]

==References==
*Crystal, David. (1997) ''A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.'' Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
*Ladefoged, Peter (1993) ''A Course in Phonetics'' Third Edition. London: Harcourt Press.
*Matthews, P. H. (1997) ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]
[[Category: Places of Articulation]]

Negation (definition)

2009-12-03T00:09:10Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category: Technical Definitions'

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]

Core Argument (definition)

2009-12-03T00:00:55Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category: Technical Definitions'

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]

Height (definition)

2009-12-02T23:58:53Z

KeelyZabonik:

The term height refers to the vertical position of the tongue body when the vowel or consonant is pronounced. Usually three heights are distinguished: high, low, and mid.

==See Also==
[[Frontness (definition)]]
[[Vowel (definition)]]
[[Backness (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_height#Height

==References==
*Matthews, P. H. (1997) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]
[[Category: Places of Articulation]]

Sentence Type (definition)

2009-12-02T03:02:05Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category: Technical Definitions'

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]

Derivational Morphology (definition)

2009-12-02T02:56:59Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category: Technical Definitions Category: Morphology'

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Inflectional Morphology (definition)

2009-12-02T02:55:46Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category: Technical Definitions Category: Morphology'

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Morphology]]

Hard Palate (definition)

2009-12-02T02:48:46Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with 'The hard palate is located on the roof of the mouth, behind the alveolar ridge and in front of the velum. ==See Also== ==Extern…'

The hard palate is located on the roof of the mouth, behind the [[Alveolar (definition)|alveolar ridge]] and in front of the [[Velum (definition)|velum]].

==See Also==

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_palate
==References==

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Velum (definition)

2009-12-02T02:40:58Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with 'The velum (or soft palate) is located on the roof of the mouth, behind the hard palate. When the velum is raised, oral sounds are produced. …'

The velum (or soft palate) is located on the roof of the mouth, behind the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]]. When the velum is raised, [[Oral (definition)|oral sounds]] are produced. Conversely, when the velum is lowered [[Nasal (definition)|nasal sounds]] are produced.

==See Also==

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_palate

==References==

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Numeral (definition)

2009-12-02T02:25:58Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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Noun Inflection

2009-12-02T02:23:24Z

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Imperative Clause (definition)

2009-12-02T02:00:17Z

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[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Consonant Mutation (definition)

2009-12-02T01:49:12Z

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Present Participle (definition)

2009-12-02T01:48:06Z

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Gerund (definition)

2009-12-02T01:47:20Z

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Prepositional Phrase (definition)

2009-12-02T01:45:28Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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Head (definition)

2009-12-02T01:35:59Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with ' ==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Oblique (definition)

2009-12-02T01:34:27Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Nominative Case (definition)

2009-11-20T23:06:51Z

KeelyZabonik:

*''for a definition of the general notion of '''case''' see [[Case (Definition)]]

'''Nominative''' case is the form that a noun or pronoun takes when it is the [[Subject (definition)|subject]] of a verb. For example, the [[English]] [[Pronoun (definition)|pronoun]] takes the forms ''I, you, he, she, we, they'' when used as the subject of a verb as in "'''I''' saw John." In Scottish Gaelic there is never any difference between the nominative case and the [[Accusative Case (definition)|accusative]] case. For this reason the two cases are typically grouped together as a single case we can call the [[Common Case (definition)|common case]].

==See Also==
*[[Genitive Case (definition)]]
*[[Common Case (definition)]]
*[[Accusative Case (definition)]]
*[[Dative Case (definition)]]

==External Links==
To see a more comprehensive discussion see the wikipedia.org page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative but be warned that pages on wikipedia are subject to misinformation and vandalism, so no guarantee of accuracy is guaranteed if you link away from this site.

==References==

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category: Case]]

Oral (definition)

2009-11-20T23:05:45Z

KeelyZabonik:

An oral sound is one in which the air passes through the oral cavity with the [[Velum (definition)|velum]] raised and closed against the back of the throat. These contrast with [[Nasal (definition)|nasal]] sounds, produced with the velum lowered, allowing air through the nasal cavity. This can also be looked at as sounds classified as oral are produced through the mouth and not the nose. If any air passes through the nose to produce the sound, the sound is nasal.

==See Also==

==External Links==
The following links on this page go to wikipedia.org. Although more complete, wikipedia.org articles should be used with care as anyone can edit them, and are subject to vandalism and inaccuracies.

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_consonant

==References==
*Crystal, David. (1997) ''A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.'' Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
*Ladefoged, Peter (1993) ''A Course in Phonetics'' Third Edition. London: Harcourt Press.
*Matthews, P. H. (1997) ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]
[[Category: Manners of Articulation]]

Part of Speech (definition)

2009-11-20T23:04:49Z

KeelyZabonik:

'Part of speech' (also syntactic category, lexical category, lexical class) is the category of a word indicating the function of it, usually syntactic. Common examples of 'parts of speech' include nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and adverbs.

==See Also==

==External Links==
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexicalCategory.htm entry in SIL.org]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_category entry in Wikipedia]

==References==
*Carnie, Andrew (2006) ''Syntax: A Generative Introduction'' Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Crystal, David (1999) The Penguin Dictionary of Language. London: Penguin.
*Matthews, P. H. (1997) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Whaley, Lindsay (1999) ''Introduction to Typology: The Unity and Diversity of Language''

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Morphology]]
[[Category: Parts of Speech]]

Passive Voice (definition)

2009-11-20T23:04:24Z

KeelyZabonik:

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
The [[Passive voice (definition)|Passive voice]] describes clauses in which the noun normally expected to appear as the [[Direct Object (definition)|direct object]] of a [[Transitive (definition)|transitive]] verb is expressed as the [[Subject (definition)|subject]], while the usual subject argument is optionally expressed [[Oblique (definition)|obliquely]]. Usually, this means that the noun which is the patient becomes the subject, while the more agent-like noun becomes optional. The passive voice is often thought to be the result of a syntactic operation which takes a clause in the (default) [[Active Voice (definition)|active voice]] (see example 1a) and produces a passive version (example 1b).

:1a) Jones painted a picture.
:1b) A picture was painted (by Jones).

Note that both (1a) and (1b) have essentially the same meaning, in the sense that if one is true then the other is true, and if one is false then the other must be as well.

Note also that active and passive voice are grammatical distinctions, not semantic ones. Sentences in the active voice need not be "active" in any general sense, nor do sentences in the passive voice necessarily denote a "passive" or "non-active" event. Nor are sentences in the active voice necessarily less vague about agency than passive sentences.

==See Also==
*[[Voice in Morphology (definition)|Voice]]
*[[Active Voice (definition)|Voice]]
*[[Impersonal (definition)|Impersonal]]

==External Links==
*Language Log Articles about Active and Passive: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/index.php?s=passive
*wikipedia article on Voice: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(grammar)

==References==
[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Voice]]

Person (definition)

2009-11-20T23:03:31Z

KeelyZabonik:

Person refers to the perspective of a noun phrase in a sentence.
*First person refers to the speaker or a group with the speaker). In English, ''I'', ''me'', ''we'' or ''us''. In Gaelic, ''mi'' & ''sinn''
*Second person refers to the party being addressed. In English ''you''. In Gaelic ''thu, tu,'' or ''sibh''
*Third person refers to any other noun phrase. In English, "he, him, her, she, it, they, them,'' and any other noun phrase like "the dog'', "the clouds'' etc. In Gaelic: ''e, i, iad'' and any other noun phrase.

==See Also==

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person

==References==
*Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. The language library. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1997.

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category:Morphology]]

Phonetics (definition)

2009-11-20T23:02:43Z

KeelyZabonik:

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. It is usually separated into three subfields of study:

*[[Articulatory Phonetics (definition)|articulatory phonetics]], which studies what is involved with making the mouth create the sounds of language.
*[[Acoustic Phonetics (definition)|acoustic phonetics]], which studies the physical properties of the stream of air of speech sounds.
*[[Auditory Phonetics (definition)|auditory phonetics]], which studies the way in which the human ear processes speech sounds.

==See Also==

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics

==References==

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Phonology (definition)

2009-11-20T23:02:12Z

KeelyZabonik:

Phonology is the study of the patterning of sounds in language

==See Also==

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology

==References==
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Lenition (definition)

2009-11-20T23:00:46Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Preaspiration (definition)

2009-11-20T23:00:11Z

KeelyZabonik:

Preaspiration is the puff of air that occurs ''before'' a consonant. If the puff of air occurs ''after'' the consonant, it is called [[Postaspiration (definition)|postaspiration]]. Both types of aspiration occur in Gaelic. Aspiration should not be confused with the initial consonant mutation called [[Lenition (definition)|lenition]]

==See Also==
*[[Voice in Phonetics (definition)]]

==External Links==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preaspiration
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)

==References==
Crystal, David (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics Sixth Edition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Postaspiration (definition)

2009-11-20T22:59:21Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions Category:Phonetics'

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Predicate (definition)

2009-11-20T22:58:04Z

KeelyZabonik:

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Semantics]]

Grammatical Function (definition)

2009-11-20T22:56:14Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category: Technical Definitions'

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]

Preposition (definition)

2009-11-20T22:55:40Z

KeelyZabonik:

''A discussion of prepositions of Scottish Gaelic can be found at [[Prepositions]]''

==General Definition==
Prepositions are grammatical particles that typically indicate a [[Grammatical Function (definition)|grammatical function]], typically marking some relation between the noun that follows and the rest of the sentence. Prepositions can indicate among other things, direction, location, time, possession, sources, goals, benefactors, experiencers, instrumentation, comparison, manner, purpose, agency and others. Prepositions can also be present as a default [[case]] marking, such as the English preposition "of". Prepositions can be simple single particles like "to", but they can also be complex phrases like "on top of", "in spite of", "next to". English Prepositions include among others 'to', 'from', 'at', 'with', 'out', 'in', 'for', 'of', 'by', 'under', 'over', 'through', 'behind', 'before', 'with respect to', 'except for', 'by dint of', 'next to', 'on top of',

==See Also==

==External Links==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition

==References==
[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category:Parts of Speech]]

Habitual (definition)

2009-11-20T22:53:02Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with ' ==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category: Technical Definitions'

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]

Pronoun (definition)

2009-11-20T22:51:43Z

KeelyZabonik:

A pronoun is a [[Closed Class (definition)|closed class]] word that is used in place of a noun when the referent is known either by context or by previous mention. For example, if we hear the sentence "John left", followed by the sentence ''He hates Swedish Films'', the word "he'' is a pronoun as it refers back to the previous mention of ''John''.

Pronouns come of several flavors in Gaelic:
*[[Personal Pronouns]] are the neutral forms used in [[Subject (definition)|subject]] and [[Object (definition)|object]] position in the [[Clause (definition)|clause]].
*[[Emphatic Pronouns]] are special forms used to emphasize a pronoun.
*[[Reflexive Pronouns]] are forms used when referring back to a noun in the same clause, or in Gaelic, to mark emphasis.
*[[Prepositional Inflection|Prepositional pronouns]] are [[Preposition (definition)|prepositions]] forms in Gaelic inflected as pronouns.

==See Also==

==External Links==
Note: Wikipedia can be edited by anyone and often pages are vandalized or uninformed, So be careful with any links posted below!
*Wikipedia article on pronouns [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun]

==References==
[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Interrogative (definition)

2009-11-20T22:50:33Z

KeelyZabonik:

'Question' is one type of sentences in an integorrative form. This is used to ask for some information (Wh-question), or to ask whether or not something is true (Yes/No question).

==See Also==
*[[Declarative (definition)]]
*[[Exclamation (definition)]]
==External Links==
*http://www.icalweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Question<br>
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question

==References==
[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]

Relative Future (definition)

2009-11-20T22:44:53Z

KeelyZabonik:

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[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Tense]]
[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Syntax]]

Stop (definition)

2009-11-20T22:42:33Z

KeelyZabonik:

A stop [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]] is a sound that involves a complete closure in the vocal tract so that sound cannot escape the oral cavity. The [[oral (definition)|oral]] stops of English are [p, t, k, b, d, g], the [[Nasal (definition)|nasal]] stops of English are [m, n, ŋ]. In Gaelic, the oral stops are [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, p, t, k] (written as ''p, t, c, b, d, g'' respectively) and the nasal stops are [m, n, N, ŋ] (written as ''m, n, nn, and ng'' respectively), including the [[Slender (definition)|slender]] variants thereof.

==See Also==

==External Links==
The following links on this page go to wikipedia.org. Although more complete, wikipedia.org articles should be used with care as anyone can edit them, and are subject to vandalism and inaccuracies.
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet

==References==

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Stress (definition)

2009-11-20T22:41:14Z

KeelyZabonik:

Stress a term used to describe a syllable that has emphasis in a word. Syllables that are emphasized may be louder, longer and either higher or lower in pitch than surrounding syllables.

==See Also==

==External Links==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)

==References==

[[Category:Technical Definitions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Theta Role (definition)

2009-11-20T22:39:13Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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Experiencer (definition)

2009-11-20T22:38:26Z

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Goal (definition)

2009-11-20T22:37:45Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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Source (definition)

2009-11-20T22:37:06Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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Location (definition)

2009-11-20T22:36:19Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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Instrument (definition)

2009-11-20T22:35:35Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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Beneficiary (definition)

2009-11-20T22:34:32Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with ' ==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Tongue Root (definition)

2009-11-20T22:33:17Z

KeelyZabonik:

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==References==
[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]

Transitivity (definition)

2009-11-20T22:32:21Z

KeelyZabonik:

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==External Links==

==References==

[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Semantics]]

Theme (definition)

2009-11-20T22:31:22Z

KeelyZabonik: Created page with '==See Also== ==External Links== ==References== Category:Technical Definitions'

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[[Category:Technical Definitions]]

Valence (definition)

2009-11-20T22:28:51Z

KeelyZabonik:

'''Valence''' (also called "valency") is a property of [[Verb (definition)|verbs]]. It indicates the number of [[Argument (definition)|arguments]] a verb requires to make a [[Clause (definition)|clause]] (not counting optionally expressed non-[[Core Argument (definition)|core arguments]]). Valence is roughly equivalent to the traditional concept of transitivity.

(1) contains a verb with a valence of 1 (sometimes called univalent or intransitive), (2) a verb with valence of 2 (divalent or transitive), and (3) a verb with valence of 3 (trivalent or ditransitive).

:''1) Jones snored.''
:''2) Smith bewildered the pedestrians.''
:''3) Jones gave the cheese to the mouse.''

Although ''the mouse'' in (3) looks superficially like an object of a preposition (and therefore an [[Oblique (definition)|oblique]] or non-core argument), it is in fact a core argument (an [[Indirect Object (definition)|indirect object]]) of the verb ''give''.

While valence is conceived as a property of verbs (and therefore is lexically determined), human languages have a wide variety of [[Valence Changing Operation (definition)|valence changing operations]] by which valence can be increased or decreased. [[Passive voice (definition)|Passive voice]], for instance, is one example of an "operation" which decreases the valence of a given verb.

==See Also==
*[[Valence Changing Operation (definition)]]
*[[Argument (definition)]]

==External Links==
*wikipedia article on Valence: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)

==References==
[[Category: Technical Definitions]]
[[Category: Syntax]]
[[Category: Semantics]]