Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki - User contributions [en]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2010-01-14T22:44:48Z

MicayaClymer: /* Onsets */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately. In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C2 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C1 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993). Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2C3 with nasalization on the preceding vowel. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Finally, voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ladefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-10-07T05:42:37Z

MicayaClymer: /* Aspiration */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately. In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C2 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C1 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993). Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Finally, voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ladefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-10-07T05:42:21Z

MicayaClymer: /* Vowel quality */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately. In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C2 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C1 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993). Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Finally, voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ledefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-10-07T05:41:35Z

MicayaClymer: /* Assimilation effects */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately. In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C2 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C1 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993). Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Finally, voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ledefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-10-07T05:40:57Z

MicayaClymer: /* Distribution of consonants */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately. In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C2 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C1 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993). Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ledefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-10-07T05:40:16Z

MicayaClymer: /* Onsets */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately. In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C2 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C1 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993). Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ledefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-10-07T05:37:13Z

MicayaClymer: /* Onsets */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ledefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T18:45:00Z

MicayaClymer: /* Aspiration */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

Ledefoged (1998) noted differential realization of pre-aspiration, with /t/ and /k/ phonemes receiving greater pre-aspiration than /p/ and non-palatals more than palatals.

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T18:38:55Z

MicayaClymer: /* Diphthongs and hiatus */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

In some dialects, the diphthong/hiatus distinction is erased or realized via differences in intonation. For example, O Murchu (1988) proposes a three-way classification system for complex nucleii, distinguishable by length and tone (rising or falling intonation).

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T18:38:30Z

MicayaClymer: /* Diphthongs and hiatus */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic) (Ò Murchi 1988)

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''fiach''
| [fiəx]
| "debt"
|-
| fitheach
| [fi(h)əx] or [fiʔəx]
| "raven"
|}

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T18:36:37Z

MicayaClymer: /* Diphthongs and hiatus */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

===Diphthongs and hiatus===
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic).

E.g.:

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T18:36:04Z

MicayaClymer: /* Vowel quality */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

=Diphthongs and hiatus=
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic).

E.g.:

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T18:35:04Z

MicayaClymer: /* Vowel quality */

Under construction!

==Distribution of consonants==

===Onsets===

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

===Codas===
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

==Phonological processes==
===Assimilation effects===
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

===Aspiration===
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

===Vowel epenthesis===
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

===Homorganicity constraints===
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

===Nasalization constraints===
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

===Word-final devoicing===
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

===Vowel quality===
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

=Diphthongs and hiatus=
When two pronounced vowels are contiguous, we may see either a diphthong (monosyllabic) or a hiatus (disyllabic).

E.g.:

==See Also==
==External Links==
==References ==

[[Category: Phonology]]

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:43:43Z

MicayaClymer: /* Vowel quality */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dhragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants.

Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:42:58Z

MicayaClymer: /* Aspiration */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dhragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| "at"
|}

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:42:05Z

MicayaClymer: /* Aspiration */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dhragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997).

Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

E.g.:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''aca''
| [aʰkə]
| ""
|}

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:39:00Z

MicayaClymer: /* Assimilation effects */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''dhragh''
| [traɣ]
| "trouble"
|}

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s).

Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:33:21Z

MicayaClymer: /* Assimilation effects */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effects, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel.

Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986).

The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries.

Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.:

{dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:32:24Z

MicayaClymer: /* Codas */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC.

Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop.

In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997).

Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988).

Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effect, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.: dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:31:26Z

MicayaClymer: /* Onsets */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==

We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop. In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988). Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effect, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.: dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T17:21:17Z

MicayaClymer: /* Onsets */

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==
We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set /l, r, s/, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]
|}

E.g.:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| ''sgrìobhadairean''
| [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn]
| " writers"
|}

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop. In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988). Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effect, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.: dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki

2009-09-30T07:36:29Z

MicayaClymer:

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Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T07:35:51Z

MicayaClymer:

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==
We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set <l, r, s>, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]

E.g.: sgrìobhadairean [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn] writers

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop. In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988). Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effect, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.: dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

=Vowel quality=
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T07:34:56Z

MicayaClymer:

Under construction!

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==
We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set <l, r, s>, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]

E.g.: sgrìobhadairean [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn] writers

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop. In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988). Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effect, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.: dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T07:34:33Z

MicayaClymer:

=Distribution of consonants=

==Onsets==
We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set <l, r, s>, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]

E.g.: sgrìobhadairean [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn] writers

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

==Codas==
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop. In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988). Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

=Phonological processes=
==Assimilation effects==
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effect, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.: dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

==Aspiration==
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

==Vowel epenthesis==
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

==Homorganicity constraints==
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

==Nasalization constraints==
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

==Word-final devoicing==
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

==Vowel quality==
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

2009-09-30T07:30:05Z

MicayaClymer: Created page with 'The Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic Distribution of consonants Onsets We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-in…'

The Phonotactics of Scottish Gaelic

Distribution of consonants

Onsets
We see onsets of the type ∅, C, CC, and CCC. Note that CCC onsets may only occur word-initially. Word-internal CCC clusters occur at syllable boundaries. Since the syllabification of polysyllabic Gaelic words is the subject of some debate (c.f. Clements 1985, Bosch 1998, etc.), I shall discuss word-initial and word-medial clusters seperately.

In word-initial C1C2 clusters, C1 is generally a member of the set <l, r, s>, and C2 is a sonorant or a stop (Wolters 1997). Various simplification processes work on these clusters. Clusters of the type #Cn are generally realized as #Cr, and . /hl/, /hn/, and /hr/ are frequently realized as /l/, /n/, and /r/, respectively (Gillies 1993).

Word-internally, CC clusters are more varied because they often occur at syllable boundaries. Wolters (1997) notes that /s/ seems to have a special status in Gaelic, combining more freely in consonant clusters than other phonemes, even in cases where it violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle.

Word-initial CCC clusters are of the form:

/s/ + C[+obs, -son, -voiced] + C [+son, -obs, +voiced]

E.g.: sgrìobhadairean [skɾivət̪ɛɾɪn] writers

Word-internal CCC clusters result from coda-onset combinations and are therefore more varied, but they are often simplified by either deletion or epenthesis. For example, word-internal C1C2C3 clusters that begin with a nasal may be reduced to ∅C2[+nasal]C3. (Wolters 1997).

Codas
Codas may be of the type ∅, C, or CC. Word-final CC clusters generally comprise a sonorant followed by an aspirated (voiceless) stop. In dialects that contain /ŋ/, it occurs only word-finally (Wolters 1997). Also, word-final nasals may be realized as syllabic segments (e.g. maduinn [mɑdn̩]; Ó Murchú 1988). Ó Murchú (1988) records several word-final CCC codas in stressed monosyllables, all containing /s/ (e.g. /xgs/), and notes that unstressed syllables seem to have a smaller inventory of possible codas than stressed syllables in the Perthshire dialect.

Constraints on consonant clusters
Assimilation effects
Consonant clusters are affected by several types of assimilation effect, for example palatalization. In C1C2 sequences where C1 is a non-labial sonorant and C2 is any non-labial consonant, the consonants agree in terms of palitalization, even with an intervening epenthetic vowel. Labials may ocurr before either palatal and non-palatal consonants (Clements 1986). The overall effect is that most word-internal consonant clusters are either completely palatalized or not palatalized with nonhomogeneous clusters ocurring at word boundaries. Word-initial consonant clusters are generally [-palatal] (Wolters 1997).

E.g.: dhragh [traɣ] trouble

In consonant clusters that contain a velarized sonorant, velarization assimilation often affects the other consonant(s). Voicing assimilation also affects some consonant clusters. For example, a sonorant may be partially de-voiced before a voiceless stop, as in sult [suɫ̥t] ‘fat’, or an historically tense sonorant may result in partial voicing of a following stop, e.g. calltain [kɑɫdiɲ] ‘hazel’ (Wolters 1997).

Aspiration
In #C1C2 clusters where C2 is a stop, it is generally unaspirated. Since the voicing contrast in Gaelic is generally realized as aspiration, the distinction between voiceless (aspirated) and voiced (unaspirated) consonants disappears post-consonantally (Wolters 1997). Voiceless (aspirated) stops are also often realized as pre-aspirated post-vocalically (Ladefoged 1998).

Vowel epenthesis
Most sonorant-obstruent clusters are broked up by an epenthetic vowel, realized as [ə] or colored by the surrounding vowels (Wolters 1997).

Homorganicity constraints
Sonorant-obstruent clusters are homorganic (at the same place of articulation). For example, we see [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. Non-homorganic sonorant-obstruent sequences are interrupted by an epenthetic vowel (Clements 1986).

Nasalization constraints
Nasals often have a nasalization effect on the syllable to which they belong. For example, vowels following the putative nasal fricative are often nasalized (Wolters 1997).

Word-final devoicing
Word-final devoicing may often by overridden by phrasal effects and is most often seen phrase-finally (Wolters 1997).

Vowel quality
Wolters (1997) argues that, while in many languages vowel quality influences consonant quality, in Scottish Gaelic, consonant quality influences vowel quality, especially w.r.t. palatalized (slender) consonants, with an association between palatal consonants and nearby [+front] vowels or on- or off-glides surrounding palatal consonants. Vowels may also become nasalized in proximity to nasal consonants. For example, the word làmh (‘mother’) contains the putative nasal fricative and, according to Oftedal (1956) is realized in Leurbost Gaelic as [ɫãv].

Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki

2009-09-30T07:29:38Z

MicayaClymer:

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__NOTOC__
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Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T20:39:28Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
| inntinn
| [inːʤɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''mind''
|-
| '''d'''
| an-diugh
| [anʤuh]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''today''
|-
| '''c'''
| ceart gu
| [kʰɛɾʃku]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''right (adv)''
|-
| '''g'''
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
|
| sgillinn
| [skɪlʲɛn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''shilling'' loan word?
|-
| '''ph'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| bòidheachd
| [bʰuʝaxk]
|
| Diardaoin, line ̜
| ''beautyʼʼ
|-
|
| dhen
| [jɪnə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''of the'' between-word epenthesis?
|-
| '''mh/bh'''
| mheud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| '''s'''
| sibh
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line1
| ''you.plural''
|-
|
| tòiseachadh
| [toʒəxə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 3
| ''begin.vn''
|-
|
| mise
| [miʃɛ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''I (emphatic)''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T20:27:50Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
| inntinn
| [inːʤɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''mind''
|-
| '''d'''
| an-diugh
| [anʤuh]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''today''
|-
| '''c'''
| ceart gu
| [kʰɛɾʃku]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''right (adv)''
|-
| '''g'''
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
|
| sgillinn
| [skɪlʲɛn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''shilling'' loan word?
|-
| '''ph'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhèidhinn
| [jon̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''around''
|-
|
| dhen
| [jɪnə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''of the'' between-word epenthesis?
|-
| '''mh/bh'''
| mheud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| '''s'''
| sibh
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line1
| ''you.plural''
|-
|
| tòiseachadh
| [toʒəxə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 3
| ''begin.vn''
|-
|
| mise
| [miʃɛ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''I (emphatic)''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T20:27:20Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
| inntinn
| [inːʤɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''mind''
|-
| '''d'''
| an-diugh
| [anʤuh]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''today''
|-
| '''c'''
| ceart gu
| [kʰɛɾʃku]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''right (adv)''
|-
| '''g'''
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
|
| sgillinn
| [skɪlʲɛn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''shilling'' loan word?
|-
| '''ph'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhèidhinn
| [jon̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''around''
|-
| dhen
| [jɪnə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''of the'' between-word epenthesis?
|-
| '''mh/bh'''
| mheud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| '''s'''
| sibh
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line1
| ''you.plural''
|-
|
| tòiseachadh
| [toʒəxə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 3
| ''begin.vn''
|-
|
| mise
| [miʃɛ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''I (emphatic)''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T20:26:35Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
| inntinn
| [inːʤɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''mind''
|-
| '''d'''
| an-diugh
| [anʤuh]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''today''
|-
| '''c'''
| ceart gu
| [kʰɛɾʃku]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''right (adv)''
|-
| '''g'''
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| sgillinn
| [skɪlʲɛn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''shilling'' loan word?
|-
| '''ph'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhèidhinn
| [jon̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''around''
|-
| dhen
| [jɪnə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''of the'' between-word epenthesis?
|-
| '''mh/bh'''
| mheud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| '''s'''
| sibh
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line1
| ''you.plural''
|-
|
| tòiseachadh
| [toʒəxə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 3
| ''begin.vn''
|-
|
| mise
| [miʃɛ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''I (emphatic)''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T20:16:15Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
| inntinn
| [inːʤɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''mind''
|-
| '''d'''
| an-diugh
| [anʤuh]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''today''
|-
| '''c'''
| ceart gu
| [kʰɛɾʃku]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''right (adv)''
|-
| '''g'''
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| '''ph'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhèidhinn
| [jon̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''around''
|-
| '''mh/bh'''
| mheud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| '''s'''
| sibh
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line1
| ''you.plural''
|-
|
| tòiseachadh
| [toʒəxə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 3
| ''begin.vn''
|-
|
| mise
| [miʃɛ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''I (emphatic)''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T20:01:04Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
| inntinn
| [inːʤɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''mind''
|-
| '''d'''
| an-diugh
| [anʤuh]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''today''
|-
| '''c'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''g'''
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| '''ph'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''s'''
| sibh
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line1
| ''you.plural''
|-
|
| tòiseachadh
| [toʒəxə]
|
| Diardaoin, line 3
| ''begin.vn''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T19:45:24Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''d'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''c'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''g'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ph'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''s'''
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T19:43:24Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| p
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''b'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''t'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''d'''
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T19:40:21Z

MicayaClymer: /* Broad Consonants */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Broad and Slender|broad and slender]] consonants in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Broad Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|-
| '''p'''
| cupa
| [kupʰə]
|
| Diardaoin, line3
|''cup'' loan word?
|-
| '''b'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''t'''
| taingeil
| [t̪ʰain̪gələ]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''grateful''
|-
| '''d'''
| duine
| [t̪uɲə]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''man''
|-
|
| dad
| [tʰat]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''thing''
|-
| '''c'''
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine 13
| ''be at.3pl''
|-
| '''g'''
| againn
| [akʰɨn]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''at.1pl''
|-
| '''ph'''
| phrìseil
| [fɾi:ʃəl]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''precious''
|-
| '''ch'''
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''buy.past''
|-
| '''dh/gh'''
| dhuinn
| [ɣuin]
|
| Dihaoine 12
| ''valuable''
|-
| '''s'''
| fios
| [fis]
|
| Dihaoine 7
| ''knowledge''
|-
|
| sabaid
| [sapat]
|
| Dihaoine 11
| ''fighting''
|-
| '''Tense R'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Lax r'''
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine 15
| ''certain''
|-
|
| leòr
| [ljor]
|
| Dihaoine 1
| ''much''
|-
|
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾaxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feelings''
|-
| '''Tense N'''
| nuair
| [nuəɾ]
|
| Dihaoine 4
| ''when''
|-
| '''Lax n'''
| rudan
| [ruʔn̩]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''things''
|-
| '''Tense L'''
| allt
| [aulˠt]
|
| Dihaoine 6
| ''stream''
|-
| '''Lax l'''
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine 3
| ''bottle''
|-
|
| lathaichean
| [lˠauaiçən]
|
| Dihaoine 5
| ''days''
|-
|
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|}

==Slender Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Grapheme
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Gloss/Notes
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Broad and Slender]]
*[[Lenition]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T19:09:12Z

MicayaClymer: /* Broad Consonants */

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T18:59:56Z

MicayaClymer: /* Broad Consonants */

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T18:53:51Z

MicayaClymer: /* Broad Consonants */

Transcriptions of Broad and Slender Consonants

2009-09-29T18:47:56Z

MicayaClymer: /* Slender Consonants */

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-29T06:14:23Z

MicayaClymer: /* Nasalized Fricatives */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic, although it has been claimed that nasalized fricatives are physiologically impossible. Also included are examples of their oral counterparts.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Nasalized Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| a-ria'''mh'''
| [əðiəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 6
|''ever''
|-
| tala'''mh''' gu do'''mh'''ainn
| [t̪halˠas kə t̪õɨn]
|
| Dihaoine, line 10
|
|-
| '''mh'''ór
| [ṽo:ɾ]
|
| Dimairt, line 3
|''big''
|-
| '''mh'''eud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| do dhèana'''mh'''
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| '''mh'''othachadh
|
|
| Diardoin, line 11
| ''perceive.vn''
|-
| dhèanamh
| [ʝanɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 15
| ''doing''
|-
| a’ '''mh'''ìorbhaill
| [ə vĩːəɾvɪl]
|
| Diciadain, line 1
| ''the miracle''
|}

==Corresponding Oral Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| dear'''bh'''
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| '''bh'''eil
| [vɛl]
|
| Dihaoine, line 2
|''be.pres''
|-
| '''bh'''uidhe
| [vuʝə]
|
| Dimairt, line 9
|''yellow''
|-
| si'''bh'''
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''you.pl''
|-
| '''bh'''itheas
| [vɪs]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''be.relfut''
|-
| fal'''bh'''
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| '''bh'''o
| [və]
|
|Diardoin, line 2
| ''from''
|-
| dhai'''bh'''
| [ɣaɪv]
|
| Diardoin, line 4
| ''to him/her/it''
|-
| '''bh'''a
| [va]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''be.past''
|-
| deal'''bh'''
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5(&10)
| ''picture''
|-
| '''bh'''rèagha
| [vɾi.aː]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''pretty''
|-
| thaobh
| [hɯv]
|
|Diardoin, line 7
| ''side''
|-
| '''bh'''ith
| [vi]
|
| Diardoin, line 7
| ''be.vn''
|-
| si'''bh''' ag
| [ʃiva]
|
| Diardoin, line 9
| ''you.plural progressive''
|-
| a’ mhìor'''bh'''aill
| [ə vĩːəɾvɪl]
|
| Diciadain, line 1
| ''the miracle''
|-
| sà'''bh'''ailte
| [saːvɪltʃə]
|
| Diciadain, line 6
| ''saved''
|-
| do '''bh'''ean
| [t̪ʰə fɛ̃n]
|
| Diciadain, line 8
| ''your (sg) wife''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-29T06:13:25Z

MicayaClymer: /* Nasalized Fricatives */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic, although it has been claimed that nasalized fricatives are physiologically impossible. Also included are examples of their oral counterparts.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Nasalized Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| a-ria'''mh'''
| [əðiəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 6
|''ever''
|-
| tala'''mh''' gu do'''mh'''ainn
| [t̪halˠas kə t̪õɨn]
|
| Dihaoine, line 10
|
|-
| '''mh'''ór
| [ṽo:ɾ]
|
| Dimairt, line 3
|''big''
|-
| '''mh'''eud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| do dhèana'''mh'''
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| '''mh'''othachadh
|
| Diardoin, line 11
| ''perceive.vn''
|-
| dhèanamh
| [ʝanɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 15
| ''doing''
|-
| a’ '''mh'''ìorbhaill
| [ə vĩːəɾvɪl]
|
| Diciadain, line 1
| ''the miracle''
|}

==Corresponding Oral Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| dear'''bh'''
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| '''bh'''eil
| [vɛl]
|
| Dihaoine, line 2
|''be.pres''
|-
| '''bh'''uidhe
| [vuʝə]
|
| Dimairt, line 9
|''yellow''
|-
| si'''bh'''
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''you.pl''
|-
| '''bh'''itheas
| [vɪs]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''be.relfut''
|-
| fal'''bh'''
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| '''bh'''o
| [və]
|
|Diardoin, line 2
| ''from''
|-
| dhai'''bh'''
| [ɣaɪv]
|
| Diardoin, line 4
| ''to him/her/it''
|-
| '''bh'''a
| [va]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''be.past''
|-
| deal'''bh'''
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5(&10)
| ''picture''
|-
| '''bh'''rèagha
| [vɾi.aː]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''pretty''
|-
| thaobh
| [hɯv]
|
|Diardoin, line 7
| ''side''
|-
| '''bh'''ith
| [vi]
|
| Diardoin, line 7
| ''be.vn''
|-
| si'''bh''' ag
| [ʃiva]
|
| Diardoin, line 9
| ''you.plural progressive''
|-
| a’ mhìor'''bh'''aill
| [ə vĩːəɾvɪl]
|
| Diciadain, line 1
| ''the miracle''
|-
| sà'''bh'''ailte
| [saːvɪltʃə]
|
| Diciadain, line 6
| ''saved''
|-
| do '''bh'''ean
| [t̪ʰə fɛ̃n]
|
| Diciadain, line 8
| ''your (sg) wife''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Epenthesis

2009-09-29T06:12:50Z

MicayaClymer: /* Epenthesis */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Epenthesis|epenthesis]] in Scottish Gaelic. Also included are examples of 'pseudo-epenthesis.'

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| ormsa
| [aɾamsa]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
|
|-
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| t-ainm
| [tɛnəm]
|
| Dimairt, line 5
|''name''
|-
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| dealbh
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5(&6)
| ''picture''
|-
| lorg
| [loɾək]
|
| Diardaoin, line 7
| ''find.vn''
|}

==Pseudo-epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
|
|-
| earrach
| [aɾəx]
|
| Dimairt, line 1
|''Spring''
|-
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| faireachdainnean
| [fɛɾakɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''feelings''
|-
| atharrachadh
| [ahaɾaxɯ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''alter''
|-
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾəxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feel''
|-
| do dhèanamh
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| fuireach
| [fʊɾəx]
|
| Diciadain, line 9
| ''live.vn''
|-
| coinnich
| [xɔnʲɪç]
|
| Diciadain, line 14
| ''meet.fut''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Epenthesis]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Preaspiration

2009-09-29T06:11:49Z

MicayaClymer:

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Preaspiration|preaspiration]] in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
|
|-
| thuit
| [huʰt]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
|
|-
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine, line 11
|
|-
| socraithe
| [sɔʰkɾihɛ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''settle''
|-
| aca
| [aʰkɯ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 13
| ''at.3rdPerson''
|-
| Shomhairle Mhi'''c'''Gilleathain
| [hɔ̃ːɾlʲə maʰkəʎãːɲ]
|
| Diciadain, line 3
| ''Sorley MacLean''
|-
| na pea'''t'''aichean
| [nə pɛʰtɪçən]
|
| Diciadain, line 9
| ''the pets''
|-
| dhio'''t''' fhèin
| [hjɔʰteːn]
|
| Diciadain, line 11
| ''of.2s self''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Preaspiration (definition)]]
*[[Preaspiration]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Preaspiration

2009-09-29T00:20:35Z

MicayaClymer:

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Preaspiration|preaspiration]] in Scottish Gaelic.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| botal
| [poʰtəlˠ]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
|
|-
| thuit
| [huʰt]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
|
|-
| tha aca
| [ha:ʰkə]
|
| Dihaoine, line 11
|
|-
| socraithe
| [sɔʰkɾihɛ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''settle''
|-
| aca
| [aʰkɯ]
|
| Diardoin, line 13
| ''at.3rdPerson''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Preaspiration (definition)]]
*[[Preaspiration]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-29T00:17:46Z

MicayaClymer: /* Nasalized Fricatives */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic, although it has been claimed that nasalized fricatives are physiologically impossible. Also included are examples of their oral counterparts.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Nasalized Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| a-ria'''mh'''
| [əðiəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 6
|''ever''
|-
| tala'''mh''' gu do'''mh'''ainn
| [t̪halˠas kə t̪õɨn]
|
| Dihaoine, line 10
|
|-
| '''mh'''ór
| [ṽo:ɾ]
|
| Dimairt, line 3
|''big''
|-
| '''mh'''eud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| do dhèana'''mh'''
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|-
| '''mh'''othachadh
|
| Diardoin, line 11
| ''perceive.vn''
|-
| dhèanamh
| [ʝanɛv]
|
| Diardoin, line 15
| ''doing''
|}

==Corresponding Oral Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| dear'''bh'''
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| '''bh'''eil
| [vɛl]
|
| Dihaoine, line 2
|''be.pres''
|-
| '''bh'''uidhe
| [vuʝə]
|
| Dimairt, line 9
|''yellow''
|-
| si'''bh'''
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''you.pl''
|-
| '''bh'''itheas
| [vɪs]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''be.relfut''
|-
| fal'''bh'''
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| '''bh'''o
| [və]
|
|Diardoin, line 2
| ''from''
|-
| dhai'''bh'''
| [ɣaɪv]
|
| Diardoin, line 4
| ''to him/her/it''
|-
| '''bh'''a
| [va]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''be.past''
|-
| deal'''bh'''
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5(&10)
| ''picture''
|-
| '''bh'''rèagha
| [vɾi.aː]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''pretty''
|-
| thaobh
| [hɯv]
|
|Diardoin, line 7
| ''side''
|-
| '''bh'''ith
| [vi]
|
| Diardoin, line 7
| ''be.vn''
|-
| si'''bh''' ag
| [ʃiva]
|
| Diardoin, line 9
| ''you.plural progressive''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-29T00:15:08Z

MicayaClymer: /* Corresponding Oral Fricatives */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic, although it has been claimed that nasalized fricatives are physiologically impossible. Also included are examples of their oral counterparts.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Nasalized Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| a-ria'''mh'''
| [əðiəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 6
|''ever''
|-
| tala'''mh''' gu do'''mh'''ainn
| [t̪halˠas kə t̪õɨn]
|
| Dihaoine, line 10
|
|-
| '''mh'''ór
| [ṽo:ɾ]
|
| Dimairt, line 3
|''big''
|-
| '''mh'''eud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| do dhèana'''mh'''
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|}

==Corresponding Oral Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| dear'''bh'''
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| '''bh'''eil
| [vɛl]
|
| Dihaoine, line 2
|''be.pres''
|-
| '''bh'''uidhe
| [vuʝə]
|
| Dimairt, line 9
|''yellow''
|-
| si'''bh'''
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''you.pl''
|-
| '''bh'''itheas
| [vɪs]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''be.relfut''
|-
| fal'''bh'''
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| '''bh'''o
| [və]
|
|Diardoin, line 2
| ''from''
|-
| dhai'''bh'''
| [ɣaɪv]
|
| Diardoin, line 4
| ''to him/her/it''
|-
| '''bh'''a
| [va]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''be.past''
|-
| deal'''bh'''
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5(&10)
| ''picture''
|-
| '''bh'''rèagha
| [vɾi.aː]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''pretty''
|-
| thaobh
| [hɯv]
|
|Diardoin, line 7
| ''side''
|-
| '''bh'''ith
| [vi]
|
| Diardoin, line 7
| ''be.vn''
|-
| si'''bh''' ag
| [ʃiva]
|
| Diardoin, line 9
| ''you.plural progressive''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Epenthesis

2009-09-29T00:08:48Z

MicayaClymer: /* Epenthesis */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of [[Epenthesis|epenthesis]] in Scottish Gaelic. Also included are examples of 'pseudo-epenthesis.'

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| ormsa
| [aɾamsa]
|
| Dihaoine, line 5
|
|-
| dearbh
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| t-ainm
| [tɛnəm]
|
| Dimairt, line 5
|''name''
|-
| falbh
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| dealbh
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5(&6)
| ''picture''
|-
| lorg
| [loɾək]
|
| Diardoin, line 7
| ''find.vn''
|}

==Pseudo-epenthesis==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| cheannach
| [çanax]
|
| Dihaoine, line 3
|
|-
| earrach
| [aɾəx]
|
| Dimairt, line 1
|''Spring''
|-
| choireigin
| [hɤɾeikɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''some point''
|-
| faireachdainnean
| [fɛɾakɪn]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''feelings''
|-
| atharrachadh
| [ahaɾaxɯ]
|
| Diardaoin, line 4
| ''alter''
|-
| faireachdainn
| [fɛːɾəxɡu]
|
| Diardaoin, line 5
| ''feel''
|-
| do dhèanamh
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]
*[[Epenthesis]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-29T00:07:10Z

MicayaClymer: /* Corresponding Oral Fricatives */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic, although it has been claimed that nasalized fricatives are physiologically impossible. Also included are examples of their oral counterparts.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Nasalized Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| a-ria'''mh'''
| [əðiəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 6
|''ever''
|-
| tala'''mh''' gu do'''mh'''ainn
| [t̪halˠas kə t̪õɨn]
|
| Dihaoine, line 10
|
|-
| '''mh'''ór
| [ṽo:ɾ]
|
| Dimairt, line 3
|''big''
|-
| '''mh'''eud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| do dhèana'''mh'''
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|}

==Corresponding Oral Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| dear'''bh'''
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| '''bh'''eil
| [vɛl]
|
| Dihaoine, line 2
|''be.pres''
|-
| '''bh'''uidhe
| [vuʝə]
|
| Dimairt, line 9
|''yellow''
|-
| si'''bh'''
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''you.pl''
|-
| '''bh'''itheas
| [vɪs]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''be.relfut''
|-
| fal'''bh'''
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| '''bh'''o
| [və]
|
|Diardoin, line 2
| ''from''
|-
| dhai'''bh'''
| [ɣaɪv]
|
| Diardoin, line 4
| ''to him/her/it''
|-
| '''bh'''a
| [va]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''be.past''
|-
| deal'''bh'''
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''picture''
|-
| '''bh'''rèagha
| [vɾi.aː]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''pretty''
|-
| thaobh
| [hɯv]
|
|Diardoin, line 7
| ''side''
|-
| '''bh'''ith
| [vi]
|
| Diardoin, line 7
| ''be.vn''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Transcriptions of Nasalized Fricatives

2009-09-29T00:05:18Z

MicayaClymer: /* Corresponding Oral Fricatives */

Following are transcriptions (each word will be transcribed by two people) of potential "nasalized fricatives," which have been included in the sound inventory of Scottish Gaelic, although it has been claimed that nasalized fricatives are physiologically impossible. Also included are examples of their oral counterparts.

The sound files come from a native speaker of the Skye dialect.

==Nasalized Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| a-ria'''mh'''
| [əðiəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 6
|''ever''
|-
| tala'''mh''' gu do'''mh'''ainn
| [t̪halˠas kə t̪õɨn]
|
| Dihaoine, line 10
|
|-
| '''mh'''ór
| [ṽo:ɾ]
|
| Dimairt, line 3
|''big''
|-
| '''mh'''eud
| [vʲut]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''amount''
|-
| do dhèana'''mh'''
| [dəjanəv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 6
| ''make''
|}

==Corresponding Oral Fricatives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Orthography
! Transcription 1
! Transcription 2
! Source
! Notes
|-
| dear'''bh'''
| [ʤɛɾəv]
|
| Dihaoine, line 15
|
|-
| '''bh'''eil
| [vɛl]
|
| Dihaoine, line 2
|''be.pres''
|-
| '''bh'''uidhe
| [vuʝə]
|
| Dimairt, line 9
|''yellow''
|-
| si'''bh'''
| [ʃɛv]
|
| Diardaoin, line 1
| ''you.pl''
|-
| '''bh'''itheas
| [vɪs]
|
| Diardaoin, line 2
| ''be.relfut''
|-
| fal'''bh'''
| [falˠav]
|
| Diardoin, line 2
| ''leave''
|-
| '''bh'''o
| [və]
|
|Diardoin, line 2
| ''from''
|-
| dhai'''bh'''
| [ɣaɪv]
|
| Diardoin, line 4
| ''to him/her/it''
|-
| '''bh'''a
| [va]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''be.past''
|-
| deal'''bh'''
| [d͡ʒalav]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''picture''
|-
| '''bh'''rèagha
| [vɾi.aː]
|
| Diardoin, line 5
| ''pretty''
|-
| thaobh
| [hɯv]
|
|Diardoin, line 7
| ''side''
|}

==See also==
*[[Sounds of Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Category:Transcriptions]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonetics]]