View source for Ruig (irregular verb)

The irregular verb ''ruig'' means "to reach" or "to arrive at". ''rach'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic.

==Uses==
"ruig air" = afford

==Summary  of forms==

*Independent forms of the verb ''ruig'' are used without any particles.
*Dependent forms of the verb ''ruig'' are used after ''an'', ''nach'', ''gun'', "cha" and other verbal particles.


{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" 
!colspan="3"|context!!independent!!Dependent
|-align=center
!rowspan="6"|basic forms!!rowspan="3"|active!!past
|ràinig
|d'ràinig or do ràinig 
|-align=center
!Future
|ruigidh<sup>2</sup> 
|ruig
|-align=center
!Relative Future
| ---
|ruigeas<sup>2</sup>
|-align=center
!rowspan="3"|impersonal<sup>1</sup>!!past
|ràinigeadh
|d'ràinigeadh or do ràinigeadh 
|-align=center
!future
|colspan="2"|ruigear
|-align=center
!relative future
| ---
|ruigear
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
|colspan="2"|ruigeadh<sup>2</sup> <br> (ruiginn<sup>1</sup> in 1st sing)<br>(ruigeamaid<sup>1</sup> in 1 pl)
|-align=center
!colspan="2"|impersonal
|colspan="2"|ruigte
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
|ruig||colspan="2" rowspan="8"|---
|-align=center
!plural
|ruigibh<sup>1</sup>
|-align=center
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
|ruigsinn or ruighinn or ruigheachd
|}
Notes:
*<sup>1</sup> these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
*<sup>2</sup> takes tu rather than thu in the 2nd person.

==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
===[[Active voice (definition)|Active Voice]]===
====Past tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question!!embedded
|-
! 1
|ràinig mi ||an do ràinig mi ||cha do ràinig mi||nach do ràinig mi||gun do ràinig mi
|-
!2
|ràinig thu ||an do ràinig thu ||cha do ràinig thu||nach do ràinig thu||gun do ràinig thu
|-
!3 masc
|ràinig e||an do ràinig e||cha do ràinig e||nach do ràinig e||gun do ràinig e
|-
!3 fem
|ràinig i||an do ràinig i||cha do ràinig i||nach do ràinig i||gun do ràinig i
|-
! 1 pl
|ràinig sinn ||an do ràinig sinn ||cha do ràinig sinn||nach do ràinig sinn||gun do ràinig sinn
|-
!2 pl
|ràinig sibh ||an do ràinig sibh ||cha do ràinig sibh||nach do ràinig sibh||gun do ràinig sibh
|-
!3 pl
|ràinig iad||an do ràinig iad||cha do ràinig iad||nach do ràinig iad||gun do ràinig) iad
|}
<br>

====Present tense====

As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning  ("I say something") or a progressive meaning (I am saying something) is intended,  the [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic construction]] is used with the present tense of the verb ''bi'' (be), i.e., ''tha'', along with the verbal noun.

:{|
|Tha||mi||a' ||ruigsinn
|-
|be.pres||1s||prog||reach.vn
|-
|I'm reaching/I reach
|}
<br>

====Future tense====

The [[Future Tense (definition)|future tense]] in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is [[Habitual Aspect (definition)|habitual]].

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future<sup>1</sup>
|-
! 1
|ruigidh mi ||an ruig mi ||cha ruig||nach ruig mi||a ruigeas mi 
|-
!2
|ruigidh<sup>2</sup> tu ||an ruig thu ||cha ruig thu||nach ruig thu||a ruigeas<sup>2</sup> tu
|-
!3 masc
|ruigidh e||an ruig e||cha ruig e||nach ruig e||a ruigeas e
|-
!3 fem
|ruigidh i||an ruig i||cha ruig i||nach ruig i ||a ruigeas i
|-
! 1 pl
|ruigidh sinn ||an ruig sinn ||cha ruig sinn||nach ruig sinn||a ruigeas sinn
|-
!2 pl
|ruigidh sibh ||an ruig sibh ||cha ruig sibh||nach ruig sibh||a ruigeas sibh
|-
!3 pl
|ruigidh iad||an ruig iad||cha ruig iad||nach ruig iad||a ruigeas iad
|}

Note:
# the relative future is  used after certain particles such as ''ma'' or the particle used with questions ''a''.
# after ruigidh and ruigeas, the 2nd person is tu rather than thu.


----

===Impersonal/Passive Voice===

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ' 


====Past tense====

Note: these forms are archaic and almost never used anymore

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
|ràinigeadh ||an do ràinigead ||cha do ràinigeadh||nach do ràinigeadh 
|}

<br>

====Present tense====

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English.  We leave this blank here.


====Future tense====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future<sup>1</sup>
|-
|thèidear||an tèidear||chan tèidear||nach tèidear||a thèidear
|}
Notes
# the relative future is  used after certain particles such as ''a'' the particle used with questions, or ''ma'' "if".
<br>

==Conditional Mood==
====Active====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
! 1
| rachainn<sup>1</sup> ||an rachainn ||cha rachainn||nach rachainn
|-
!2
|rachadh tu<sup>2</sup>||an rachadh tu ||cha rachadh tu||nach rachadh tu
|-
!3 masc
|rachadh e||an rachadh e||cha rachadh e||nach rachadh e
|-
!3 fem
|rachadh i||an abradh i||cha rachadh i||nach rachadh i 
|-
! 1 pl
|rachadh sinn (rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)||an rachadh sinn (an rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)||cha rachadh sinn (cha rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)||nach rachadh sinn (nach rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)
|-
!2 pl
|rachadh sibh ||an rachadh sibh ||cha rachadh sibh||nach rachadh sibh
|-
!3 pl
|rachadh iad||an rachadh iad||cha rachadh iad||nach rachadh iad
|}
Notes:
#The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''
#The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
<br>

====passive====

{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
|-
|rachte <br>reighte<br>dheighte||an rachte<br> an d'reighte<br>an deighte||cha rachte<br> cha d'reighte<br>cha deighte||nach rachte<br> nach d'reighte<br>nach deighte
|}
<br>

==Imperative Mood==

Rach is almost never used as the imperative of 'go'. Instead thalla (meaning "go away") is much more commonly used. 
<br>
<br>

==[[References]]==
*[[Ronald Black|Black, Ronald]] (2006) ''Cothrom Ionnsachaidh'' Peebles: Self-published. 
*[[Michel Byrne|Byrne, Michel]] (2002) ''Gràmar na Gàidhlig''. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair. 
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach. 
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
*[[Colin Mark|Mark, Colin]] (2006), ''Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
*[[William Lamb|Lamb, William]] (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa


[[Category: Lexical Item]]
[[Category: Irregular Verb]]
[[Category: Morphology]]
[[Category: Inflection]]