Gender (definition) - Revision history

AndrewCarnie at 04:27, 8 June 2012

2012-06-08T04:27:55Z

AndrewCarnie at 01:06, 14 May 2012

2012-05-14T01:06:47Z

AndrewCarnie at 01:05, 14 May 2012

2012-05-14T01:05:17Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Scottish Gaelic */

2012-05-14T00:56:56Z

‎Scottish Gaelic

AndrewCarnie at 00:55, 14 May 2012

2012-05-14T00:55:34Z

AndrewCarnie: /* Examples in other languages */

2012-05-14T00:49:34Z

‎Examples in other languages

JohnDoyleWagner: formating and some typo corrections

2011-02-21T08:50:51Z

formating and some typo corrections

JohnDoyleWagner: Added examples in Russian and German; waiting for examples for Scottish Gaelic; also added a table and testing out formating for the page with new table. This is kind of the litmus test.

2011-02-21T08:47:28Z

Added examples in Russian and German; waiting for examples for Scottish Gaelic; also added a table and testing out formating for the page with new table. This is kind of the litmus test.

AndrewCarnie at 17:35, 15 November 2009

2009-11-15T17:35:04Z

AndrewCarnie at 17:34, 15 November 2009

2009-11-15T17:34:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:27, 8 June 2012
Line 2:		Line 2:

	'''Grammatical gender''' refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and overall word structure. It is also sometimes known as '''noun class'''. Grammatical Gender is not be confused with the biological sex of an object or person or psychological gender of a person. While many biologically male objects might hold masculine grammatical gender in a language, they need not be masculine. Grammatical Gender is typically arbitrary. Languages can have any number of grammatical genders. Many Indo-European Languages have three (masculine, feminine and neuter), but others -- like Scottish Gaelic -- have only two: masculine and feminine. Indigenous languages of Africa, North America, and Australia often have many more genders than 3.		'''Grammatical gender''' refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and overall word structure. It is also sometimes known as '''noun class'''. Grammatical Gender is not be confused with the biological sex of an object or person or psychological gender of a person. While many biologically male objects might hold masculine grammatical gender in a language, they need not be masculine. Grammatical Gender is typically arbitrary. Languages can have any number of grammatical genders. Many Indo-European Languages have three (masculine, feminine and neuter), but others -- like Scottish Gaelic -- have only two: masculine and feminine. Indigenous languages of Africa, North America, and Australia often have many more genders than 3.
		+
		+	==See Also==
		+	*[[Feminine (definition)]]
		+	*[[Masculine (definition)]]

	==External Links==		==External Links==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Grammatical gender''' refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and overall word structure. It is also sometimes known as '''noun class'''.  Grammatical Gender is not be confused with the biological sex of an object or person or psychological gender of a person. While many biologically male objects might hold masculine grammatical gender in a language, they need not be masculine. Grammatical Gender is typically arbitrary. Languages can have any number of grammatical genders. Many Indo-European Languages have three (masculine, feminine and neuter), but others -- like Scottish Gaelic -- have only two: masculine and feminine. Indigenous languages of Africa, North America, and Australia often have many more genders than 3.
 ==External Links==
@@ Line 15: / Line 10: @@
 *Matthews, P. H. (1997) ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics.''  Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 *Crystal, David (1999) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Language.'' London: Penguin.
 [[Category:Technical Definitions]]
 [[Category:Morphology]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:05, 14 May 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Grammatical gender~~, in the linguistics sense,~~ refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and ~~over all~~ word structure. ~~This~~ is not be confused with the sex ~~related~~ gender~~, often referred to as 'biological~~ gender,~~' which~~ is ~~used in cases where the~~ grammatical ~~gender agrees with the biological sex of the concept to which a noun refers~~. ~~This means that words such as 'woman' would~~ have feminine ~~gender~~ and ~~'man' would~~ have masculine ~~gender due to the fact that they are biologically defined as something~~ feminine ~~or masculine~~. ~~Many~~ languages ~~that use cases also exhibit grammatical gender~~, ~~as is the case with German~~, ~~Russian~~ and ~~French, as well as Scottish Gaelic~~.	+	'''Grammatical gender''' refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and overall word structure. It is also sometimes known as '''noun class'''. Grammatical Gender is not be confused with the biological sex of an object or person or psychological gender of a person. While many biologically male objects might hold masculine grammatical gender in a language, they need not be masculine. Grammatical Gender is typically arbitrary. Languages can have any number of grammatical genders. Many Indo-European Languages have three (masculine, feminine and neuter), but others -- like Scottish Gaelic -- have only two: masculine and feminine. Indigenous languages of Africa, North America, and Australia often have many more genders than 3.

	==Scottish Gaelic==		==Scottish Gaelic==

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 There are two genders in Scottish Gaelic: Masculine and Feminine. The gender of a noun affects a number of grammatical properties.
-*The form of the [[articles|article]]: an clach 'the stone' (m) vs a' chaora 'the sheep' (f)
+*The form of the [[articles|article]]: ''an clach'' 'the stone' (m) vs ''a' chaora'' 'the sheep' (f)
-*The form of adjectives: an clach mòr 'the book stone' vs a chaora mhòr
+*The form of adjectives: ''an clach mòr'' 'the book stone' vs ''a' chaora mhòr'' 'the big sheep'
-*The pronoun used to refer to the noun (there is no pronoun equivalent to "it" in Scottish Gaelic.) Masculine nouns are referred to with e; feminine nouns are referred to with i.
+*The pronoun used to refer to the noun (there is no pronoun equivalent to "it" in Scottish Gaelic.) Masculine nouns are referred to with ''e''; feminine nouns are referred to with ''i''.
 ==External Links==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Grammatical gender, in the linguistics sense, refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and over all word structure. This is not be confused with the sex related gender, often referred to as 'biological gender,' which is used in cases where the grammatical gender agrees with the biological sex of the concept to which a noun refers. This means that words such as 'woman' would have feminine gender and 'man' would have masculine gender due to the fact that they are biologically defined as something feminine or masculine. Many languages that use cases also exhibit grammatical gender, as is the case with German, Russian and French, as well as Scottish Gaelic.
-==Examples in Scottish Gaelic==
+==Scottish Gaelic==
-In Scottish-Gaelic, nouns belong principally to two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. This affects the lenition of initial consonants for adjectives as well as the initial consonants of verb initial nouns when the definite article is used.
+There are two genders in Scottish Gaelic: Masculine and Feminine. The gender of a noun affects a number of grammatical properties.
 ==External Links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:49, 14 May 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Grammatical gender, in the linguistics sense, refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and over all word structure. This is not be confused with the sex related gender, often referred to as 'biological gender,' which is used in cases where the grammatical gender agrees with the biological sex of the concept to which a noun refers. This means that words such as 'woman' would have feminine gender and 'man' would have masculine gender due to the fact that they are biologically defined as something feminine or masculine. Many languages that use cases also exhibit grammatical gender, as is the case with German, Russian and French, as well as Scottish Gaelic.		Grammatical gender, in the linguistics sense, refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and over all word structure. This is not be confused with the sex related gender, often referred to as 'biological gender,' which is used in cases where the grammatical gender agrees with the biological sex of the concept to which a noun refers. This means that words such as 'woman' would have feminine gender and 'man' would have masculine gender due to the fact that they are biologically defined as something feminine or masculine. Many languages that use cases also exhibit grammatical gender, as is the case with German, Russian and French, as well as Scottish Gaelic.
−
−	~~==Examples in other languages==~~
−	~~===Russian===~~
−	~~In languages like Russian, gender is rather predictable and is based upon the ending of the word (in most cases). Russian has 3 genders - masculine, feminine and neuter:~~
−
−	~~{\| class="wikitable" border="2"~~
−	\|-
−	~~! Masculine/Мужской род~~
−	~~! Feminine/Женский род~~
−	~~! Neuter/Средний род~~
−	\|-
−	~~\|align="left"\| ends in a consonant~~
−	~~\|align="left"\| ends in an 'а' or 'я'~~
−	~~\|align="left"\| ends in an 'о' or 'е'~~
−	\|-
−	~~\|align="left"\| ex: стол (table), город (city)~~
−	~~\|align="left"\| ex: книга (book), Россия (Russia)~~
−	~~\|align="left"\| ex: окно (window), приглашение (invitation)~~
−	\|}
−
−	~~===German===~~
−
−	~~In languages like German, gender is less consistent; however it often times can be determined by derivational endings:~~
−
−	~~'''die Madel''' - the maiden (biological determined).~~
−	~~'''das Mäd[[chen]]''' - the girl (-chen always assigns neuter gender to a word, regardless of biological gender).~~
−
−	~~'''das Leben''' - life~~
−	~~'''die Lebenig[[keit]]''' - vitality (keit/heit indicates 'the state of being X' and always assigns feminine gender).~~
−
−	~~'''entschulden''' - to apologize/to pardon~~
−	~~'''die Entschuldig[[ung]]''' - apology (-ung assigns feminine gender and nominalizes verbs).~~
−	~~[[''HOWEVER'']]~~
−	~~''der Sprung'' - spring, bounce (-ung in this case does not assign gender because it is NOT derivational; Sprung is a word in its own right and is not derived from a verb).~~
−
−	~~'''der Berg''' - mountain~~
−	~~'''das [[Ge]]birge''' - mountain range (Ge- indicates collectives and is often times accompanied by a vowel mutation. It assigns neuter gender).~~

	==Examples in Scottish Gaelic==		==Examples in Scottish Gaelic==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Grammatical Gender, in the linguistics sense, refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and over all word structure. This is not be confused with the sex related gender, often referred to as 'biological gender,' which is used in cases where the grammatical gender agrees with the biological gender of the concept it is referring to. Many languages that use cases also exhibit grammatical gender, as is the case with German, Russian and French, as well as Scottish Gaelic.
+Grammatical gender, in the linguistics sense, refers to classes of particular nouns based on their inflectional endings and over all word structure. This is not be confused with the sex related gender, often referred to as 'biological gender,' which is used in cases where the grammatical gender agrees with the biological sex of the concept to which a noun refers. This means that words such as 'woman' would have feminine gender and 'man' would have masculine gender due to the fact that they are biologically defined as something feminine or masculine. Many languages that use cases also exhibit grammatical gender, as is the case with German, Russian and French, as well as Scottish Gaelic.
 In languages like Russian, gender is rather predictable and is based upon the ending of the word (in most cases). Russian has 3 genders - masculine, feminine and neuter:
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 |}
 In languages like German, gender is less consistent; however it often times can be determined by derivational endings:
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
-===See Also===
+====See Also====
 ==External Links==
@@ Line 48: / Line 49: @@
 *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender
-==Refernces==
+==References==
 *Matthews, P. H. (1997) ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics.''  Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 *Crystal, David (1999) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Language.'' London: Penguin.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 FIX FIX FIX
- Gender in the linguistics sense only refers to classes of words and how they show their relation in sentences. This is not be confused with the sex related gender (although they often are related in English, this is not so in all languages).
+Gender in the linguistics sense only refers to classes of words and how they show their relation in sentences. This is not be confused with the sex related gender (although they often are related in English, this is not so in all languages).
 ==See Also==