Difference between revisions of "Prepositions"

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==List of Gaelic Simple Prepositions==
 
==List of Gaelic Simple Prepositions==
  
−
*[[Aig (preposition)|aig]]  'at' (does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[Aig (preposition)|aig]]  'at'  
−
*[[Air (preposition)|air]]  'on' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[Air (preposition)|air]]  'on'  
−
*[[Ann (preposition)|ann an/ anns/ ann]] 'in' (ann an does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]] and takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[Ann (preposition)|ann an/ anns/ ann]] 'in'  
−
*[[Às (preposition)|à/às]] 'out of'/'from' (as in place of national origin)  (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[Às (preposition)|à/às]] 'out of'/'from'  
−
*[[Bho (preposition)|bho]] 'from' (as in source of movement) ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[Bho (preposition)|bho]] 'from'  
−
*[[chun]] 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into" (can only be used with a definite noun, does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[chun]] 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into"  
−
*[[de]] (dhe<sup>L</sup>/de<sup>L</sup>) 'of/off' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[de]] (dhe<sup>L</sup>/de<sup>L</sup>) 'of/off'  
−
*[[do]] (do<sup>L</sup>) 'to/for' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[do]] (do<sup>L</sup>) 'to/for'  
−
*[[fo]] (fo<sup>L</sup>) 'under' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[fo]] (fo<sup>L</sup>) 'under'  
−
*[[eadar]] 'between' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[accusative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[eadar]] 'between'  
−
*[[far]] 'off' (does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[far]] 'off' (does '''not'''  
−
*[[gu]] (thun/chun) 'to'  (''gu'' does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]], ''gus'' [[Lenition|lenite]] and takes [[XXX]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[gu]] (thun/chun) 'to'   
−
*[[gun]] 'without' ([[Lenition|lenite]] (except the [[dental (definition)|dental]] sounds <d,t,n,l,r,s>).  Depending upon the dialect it takes either [[dative]] or [[accusative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[gun]] 'without'  
−
*[[le]] 'with' (does '''not''' [[[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[le]] 'with'  
 
*[[mar]] 'like'/'as'
 
*[[mar]] 'like'/'as'
−
*[[mu]] 'about' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[Mu (preposition)]] 'about'  
−
*[[o]] 'from' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[o]] 'from'  
−
*[[rè]] 'during' (does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]] (except when the object is a definite plural), and takes [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[rè]] 'during' (does '''not'''  
−
*[[ri]] 'to' (does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[ri]] 'to' (does '''not'''  
−
*[[ro]] (roimh) 'before' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[ro]] (roimh) 'before'  
−
*[[thar]] 'over'/'beyond' (does '''not''' [[[Lenition|lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[thar]] 'over'/'beyond'
−
*[[tharsainn]] 'across' (does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[tharsainn]] 'across'
−
*[[trìd]] 'through, on account of' (does '''not''' [[Lenition|lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[trìd]] 'through, on account of'
−
*[[tro]] (troimh) 'through' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
*[[tro]] (troimh) 'through'
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{| border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all" style="text-align:left"
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''PREPOSITION'''
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''LENITES'''
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''CASE taken by following'''
 +
|-
 +
|aig 'at'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|air 'on'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|ann an/ anns/ ann 'in'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|à/às 'out of'/'from' (as in place of national origin)
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|bho 'from' (as in source of movement)
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|chun 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into"
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|de (dhe<sup>L</sup>/de<sup>L</sup>) 'of/off'  
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|do (do<sup>L</sup>) 'to/for'  
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|fo (fo<sup>L</sup>) 'under'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|eadar 'between'
 +
|NO
 +
|ACCUSATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|far 'off'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|gu (thun/chun) 'to'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|gun 'without'  
 +
|YES (except the dental sounds <d,t,n,l,r,s>)
 +
|DATIVE or ACCUSATIVE (Dialectal variation)
 +
|-
 +
|le 'with'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|mar 'like'/'as'
 +
|?
 +
|?
 +
|-
 +
|Mu 'about'  
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|o 'from'  
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|rè 'during'  
 +
|YES (only when the object is a definite plural)
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|ri 'to'  
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|ro (roimh) 'before'  
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|thar 'over'/'beyond'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|tharsainn 'across'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|trìd 'through, on account of'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|tro (troimh) 'through'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
 
==List of Gaelic Complex and Compound Prepositions==
 
==List of Gaelic Complex and Compound Prepositions==
  
 
(List taken from Mark 2004:686 and Lamb 2003:49)
 
(List taken from Mark 2004:686 and Lamb 2003:49)
−
*a chum 'for the purpose of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
 
−
*a dh'ionnsaigh 'towards' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
{| border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all" style="text-align:left"
−
*a rèir 'according to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*a thaobh 'regarding' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]][[case (definition)|case]])
+
|style="text-align:center"|'''CASE take by following noun'''
−
*air cùlaibh 'behind' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
|style="text-align:center"|'''Preposition'''
−
*air feadh 'amongst' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*air muin 'on top of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|ACCUSATIVE
−
*air sgàth 'for the sake of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
|ceangailte ri 'tied to'
−
*air son/airson 'for'/'because' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*air tòir ' in pursuit of (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|coltach ri 'similar to'
−
*am fianais 'in the presence of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*am measg 'among' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|gu ruige 'as far as, up to'
−
*an aghaidh 'against' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*an àite 'in place of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|rowspan="13" style="text-align:center"|DATIVE
−
*an ceann 'within' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|an coimeas ri 'compared to'
−
*an coinneamh 'met with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*an coimeas ri 'compared to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|an taca ri 'next to'
−
*an dèidh 'after' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*an làthair 'in the presence of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|barrachd air 'in addition to'
−
*an taca ri 'next to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*às aonais 'without' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|còmhla ri 'along with'
−
*às eugmhais 'without' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*às leth 'on behalf of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|cuide ri 'along with'
−
*às dèidh 'after' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*barrachd air 'in addition to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|faisg air 'close to'
−
*ceangailte ri 'tied to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[accusative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*coltach ri 'similar to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[accusative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|goirid air 'close to'
−
*còmhla ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*cuide ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|làmh ri 'next to', 'compared to'
−
*fa chomhair 'opposite' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*faisg air 'close to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|maille ri 'along with'
−
*goirid air 'close to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*làmh ri 'next to', 'compared to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|mun cuairt air 'around"
−
*maille ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*mu chomhair 'opposite' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|seachad air 'past'
−
*mu dheidhinn 'concerning' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*mu thimcheall 'regarding' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|suas ri 'up to'
−
*mun cuairt 'around' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]][[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*mun cuairt air 'around" (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|thairis air 'across'
−
*os cionn 'above' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*gu ruige 'as far as, up to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[accusative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|rowspan="30" style="text-align:center"|GENITIVE
−
*seachad air 'past' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|a chum 'for the purpose of'
−
*suas ri 'up to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|-
−
*thairis air 'across' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[Case (definition)|case]])
+
|a dh'ionnsaigh 'towards'
 +
|-
 +
|a rèir 'according to'
 +
|-
 +
|a thaobh 'regarding'
 +
|-
 +
|air cùlaibh 'behind'
 +
|-
 +
|air feadh 'amongst'
 +
|-
 +
|air muin 'on top of'  
 +
|-
 +
|air sgàth 'for the sake of'  
 +
|-
 +
|air son 'for'/'because'  
 +
|-
 +
|air tòir ' in pursuit of  
 +
|-
 +
|am fianais 'in the presence of'
 +
|-
 +
|am measg 'among'  
 +
|-
 +
|an aghaidh 'against'  
 +
|-
 +
|an àite 'in place of'  
 +
|-
 +
|an ceann 'within'  
 +
|-
 +
|an coinneamh 'met with'  
 +
|-
 +
|an dèidh 'after'  
 +
|-
 +
|an làthair 'in the presence of'  
 +
|-
 +
|às aonais 'without'  
 +
|-
 +
|às eugmhais 'without'  
 +
|-
 +
|às leth 'on behalf of'  
 +
|-
 +
|às dèidh 'after'  
 +
|-
 +
|fa chomhair 'opposite'
 +
|-
 +
|mu chomhair 'opposite'  
 +
|-
 +
|mu dheidhinn 'concerning'  
 +
|-
 +
|mu thimcheall 'regarding'  
 +
|-
 +
|mun cuairt 'around'  
 +
|-
 +
|os cionn 'above'  
 +
|-
 +
|ri taobh 'beside'  
 +
|}
 +
 
  
  
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−
==The Inflection of Simple Gaelic Prepositions==
+
==The Inflection of Gaelic Prepositions==
 +
 
 +
Gaelic Prepositions inflect for [[person (definition)|person]], [[number (definition)|number]] and [[gender (definition)|gender]] when they take a [[Pronoun (definition)|pronoun]] as an object. For example if we were to say "at me", we use the inflected form "agam". 
 +
 
 +
*A complete set of inflected form of the prepositions can be found at [[Prepositional Inflection]]
 +
 
 +
== External Links ==
  
 +
*An Coitcheann page on Prepositions: http://wikademy.wikispaces.com/Prepositions
  
 
==[[References]]==
 
==[[References]]==
Line 97: Line 265:
 
[[Category:Syntax]]
 
[[Category:Syntax]]
 
[[Category:Morphology]]
 
[[Category:Morphology]]
 +
[[Category: Preposition]]
 +
[[Category: Lexical Item]]

Latest revision as of 07:34, 26 October 2012

For a definition of preposition see the page Preposition (definition)

Gaelic has both simple prepositions and complex ones. In this article you'll find first a list of all the prepositions, then at the bottom you'll find some useful charts about how prepositions inflect for person and number.


List of Gaelic Simple Prepositions


PREPOSITION LENITES CASE taken by following
aig 'at' NO DATIVE
air 'on' NO DATIVE
ann an/ anns/ ann 'in' NO DATIVE
à/às 'out of'/'from' (as in place of national origin) NO DATIVE
bho 'from' (as in source of movement) YES DATIVE
chun 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into" NO GENITIVE
de (dheL/deL) 'of/off' YES DATIVE
do (doL) 'to/for' YES DATIVE
fo (foL) 'under' YES DATIVE
eadar 'between' NO ACCUSATIVE
far 'off' NO GENITIVE
gu (thun/chun) 'to' NO DATIVE
gun 'without' YES (except the dental sounds <d,t,n,l,r,s>) DATIVE or ACCUSATIVE (Dialectal variation)
le 'with' NO DATIVE
mar 'like'/'as' ? ?
Mu 'about' YES DATIVE
o 'from' YES DATIVE
rè 'during' YES (only when the object is a definite plural) GENITIVE
ri 'to' NO DATIVE
ro (roimh) 'before' YES DATIVE
thar 'over'/'beyond' NO GENITIVE
tharsainn 'across' NO GENITIVE
trìd 'through, on account of' NO GENITIVE
tro (troimh) 'through' YES DATIVE

List of Gaelic Complex and Compound Prepositions

(List taken from Mark 2004:686 and Lamb 2003:49)

CASE take by following noun Preposition
ACCUSATIVE ceangailte ri 'tied to'
coltach ri 'similar to'
gu ruige 'as far as, up to'
DATIVE an coimeas ri 'compared to'
an taca ri 'next to'
barrachd air 'in addition to'
còmhla ri 'along with'
cuide ri 'along with'
faisg air 'close to'
goirid air 'close to'
làmh ri 'next to', 'compared to'
maille ri 'along with'
mun cuairt air 'around"
seachad air 'past'
suas ri 'up to'
thairis air 'across'
GENITIVE a chum 'for the purpose of'
a dh'ionnsaigh 'towards'
a rèir 'according to'
a thaobh 'regarding'
air cùlaibh 'behind'
air feadh 'amongst'
air muin 'on top of'
air sgàth 'for the sake of'
air son 'for'/'because'
air tòir ' in pursuit of
am fianais 'in the presence of'
am measg 'among'
an aghaidh 'against'
an àite 'in place of'
an ceann 'within'
an coinneamh 'met with'
an dèidh 'after'
an làthair 'in the presence of'
às aonais 'without'
às eugmhais 'without'
às leth 'on behalf of'
às dèidh 'after'
fa chomhair 'opposite'
mu chomhair 'opposite'
mu dheidhinn 'concerning'
mu thimcheall 'regarding'
mun cuairt 'around'
os cionn 'above'
ri taobh 'beside'


List of Gaelic Adverbial Particles (intransitive prepositions)

  • a-bhàn 'down', 'downwards'
  • a-nìos 'up', 'upwards'


The Inflection of Gaelic Prepositions

Gaelic Prepositions inflect for person, number and gender when they take a pronoun as an object. For example if we were to say "at me", we use the inflected form "agam".

External Links

References

  • Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
  • Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
  • Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
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