Difference between revisions of "Prepositions"

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''For a definition of preposition see the page [[Preposition (definition)]]''
 
''For a definition of preposition see the page [[Preposition (definition)]]''
  
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Gaelic has both simple prepositions and complex ones. In this article you'll find first a list of all the prepositions, then at the bottom you'll find some useful charts about how prepositions inflect for person and number.
+
Gaelic has both simple prepositions and complex ones. In this article you'll find first a list of all the prepositions, then at the bottom you'll find some useful charts about how prepositions inflect for [[Person (definition)|person]] and [[Number (definition)|number]].
 +
 
  
 
==List of Gaelic Simple Prepositions==
 
==List of Gaelic Simple Prepositions==
  
−
*[[Aig (preposition)|aig]]  'at' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[Aig (preposition)|aig]]  'at'  
−
*[[Air (preposition)|air]]  'on' (does **not** [[[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[Air (preposition)|air]]  'on'  
−
*[[ann ann an/ anns/ ann]] 'in' (ann an does **not** [[[Lenition|lenite]] and takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[Ann (preposition)|ann an/ anns/ ann]] 'in'  
−
*[[as à/às]] 'out of'/'from' (as in place of national origin)  (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[Às (preposition)|à/às]] 'out of'/'from'  
−
*[[bho]] 'from' (as in source of movement) ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[Bho (preposition)|bho]] 'from'  
−
*[[chun]] 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into" (can only be used with a definite noun, does **not** [[Lenition lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case]])
+
*[[chun]] 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into"  
−
*[[de]] (dhe""<sup>L""/de""<sup>L"") 'of/off' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[de]] (dhe<sup>L</sup>/de<sup>L</sup>) 'of/off'  
−
*[[do]] (do""<sup>L"") 'to/for' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[do]] (do<sup>L</sup>) 'to/for'  
−
*[[fo]] (fo""<sup>L"") 'under' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[fo]] (fo<sup>L</sup>) 'under'  
−
*[[eadar]] 'between' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[accusative]] [[case]])
+
*[[eadar]] 'between'  
−
*[[far]] 'off' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[genitive]] [[case]])
+
*[[far]] 'off' (does '''not'''
−
*[[gu]] (thun/chun) 'to'  (//gu// does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]], //gus// [[Lenition|lenite]] and takes [[XXX]] case)
+
*[[gu]] (thun/chun) 'to'   
−
*[[gun]] 'without' ([[Lenition|lenite]] (except the [[dental (definition)|dental]] sounds <d,t,n,l,r> and </s>/).  Depending upon the dialect it takes either [[dative]] or [[accusative]] [[case]])
+
*[[gun]] 'without'  
−
*[[le]] 'with' (does **not** [[[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[le]] 'with'  
 
*[[mar]] 'like'/'as'
 
*[[mar]] 'like'/'as'
−
*[[mu]] 'about' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[Mu (preposition)]] 'about'  
−
*[[o]] 'from' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[o]] 'from'  
−
*[[rè]] 'during' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]] (except when the object is a definite plural), and takes [[genitive]] [[case]])
+
*[[rè]] 'during' (does '''not'''
−
*[[ri]] 'to' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[ri]] 'to' (does '''not'''
−
*[[ro]] (roimh) 'before' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[ro]] (roimh) 'before'  
−
*[[thar]] 'over'/'beyond' (does **not** [[[Lenition|lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case]])
+
*[[thar]] 'over'/'beyond'  
−
*[[tharsainn]] 'across' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case]])
+
*[[tharsainn]] 'across'  
−
*[[trìd]] 'through, on account of' (does **not** [[Lenition|lenite]], and takes [[genitive]] [[case]])
+
*[[trìd]] 'through, on account of'  
−
*[[tro]] (troimh) 'through' ([[Lenition|lenite]], takes [[dative]] [[case]])
+
*[[tro]] (troimh) 'through'  
  
  
−
===List of Gaelic Complex and Compound Prepositions===
+
{| border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all" style="text-align:left"
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''PREPOSITION'''
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''LENITES'''
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''CASE taken by following'''
 +
|-
 +
|aig 'at'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|air 'on'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|ann an/ anns/ ann 'in'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|à/às 'out of'/'from' (as in place of national origin)
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|bho 'from' (as in source of movement)
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|chun 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into"
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|de (dhe<sup>L</sup>/de<sup>L</sup>) 'of/off'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|do (do<sup>L</sup>) 'to/for'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|fo (fo<sup>L</sup>) 'under'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|eadar 'between'
 +
|NO
 +
|ACCUSATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|far 'off'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|gu (thun/chun) 'to'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|gun 'without'
 +
|YES (except the dental sounds <d,t,n,l,r,s>)
 +
|DATIVE or ACCUSATIVE (Dialectal variation)
 +
|-
 +
|le 'with'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|mar 'like'/'as'
 +
|?
 +
|?
 +
|-
 +
|Mu 'about'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|o 'from'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|rè 'during'
 +
|YES (only when the object is a definite plural)
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|ri 'to'
 +
|NO
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|ro (roimh) 'before'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|thar 'over'/'beyond'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|tharsainn 'across'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|trìd 'through, on account of'
 +
|NO
 +
|GENITIVE
 +
|-
 +
|tro (troimh) 'through'
 +
|YES
 +
|DATIVE
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==List of Gaelic Complex and Compound Prepositions==
  
 
(List taken from Mark 2004:686 and Lamb 2003:49)
 
(List taken from Mark 2004:686 and Lamb 2003:49)
−
*a chum 'for the purpose of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*a dh'ionnsaigh 'towards' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*a rèir 'according to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*a thaobh 'regarding' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*air cùlaibh 'behind' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*air feadh 'amongst' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*air muin 'on top of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*air sgàth 'for the sake of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*air son/airson 'for'/'because' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*air tòir ' in pursuit of (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*am fianais 'in the presence of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*am measg 'among' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*an aghaidh 'against' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*an àite 'in place of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*an ceann 'within' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*an coinneamh 'met with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*an coimeas ri 'compared to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*an dèidh 'after' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*an làthair 'in the presence of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*an taca ri 'next to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*às aonais 'without' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*às eugmhais 'without' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*às leth 'on behalf of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*às dèidh 'after' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*barrachd air 'in addition to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*ceangailte ri 'tied to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[accusative]] [[case]])
 
−
*coltach ri 'similar to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[accusative]] [[case]])
 
−
*còmhla ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*cuide ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*fa chomhair 'opposite' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*faisg air 'close to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*goirid air 'close to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*làmh ri 'next to', 'compared to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*maille ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*mu chomhair 'opposite' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*mu dheidhinn 'concerning' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*mu thimcheall 'regarding' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*mun cuairt 'around' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*mun cuairt air 'around" (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*os cionn 'above' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[genitive]] [[case]])
 
−
*gu ruige 'as far as, up to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[accusative]] [[case]])
 
−
*seachad air 'past' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*suas ri 'up to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
−
*thairis air 'across' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the [[dative]] [[case]])
 
  
−
===List of Gaelic Adverbial Particles (intransitive prepositions)===
+
{| border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all" style="text-align:left"
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''CASE take by following noun'''
 +
|style="text-align:center"|'''Preposition'''
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|ACCUSATIVE
 +
|ceangailte ri 'tied to'
 +
|-
 +
|coltach ri 'similar to'
 +
|-
 +
|gu ruige 'as far as, up to'
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="13" style="text-align:center"|DATIVE
 +
|an coimeas ri 'compared to'
 +
|-
 +
|an taca ri 'next to'
 +
|-
 +
|barrachd air 'in addition to'
 +
|-
 +
|còmhla ri 'along with'
 +
|-
 +
|cuide ri 'along with'
 +
|-
 +
|faisg air 'close to'
 +
|-
 +
|goirid air 'close to'
 +
|-
 +
|làmh ri 'next to', 'compared to'
 +
|-
 +
|maille ri 'along with'
 +
|-
 +
|mun cuairt air 'around"
 +
|-
 +
|seachad air 'past'
 +
|-
 +
|suas ri 'up to'
 +
|-
 +
|thairis air 'across'
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="30" style="text-align:center"|GENITIVE
 +
|a chum 'for the purpose of'
 +
|-
 +
|a dh'ionnsaigh 'towards'
 +
|-
 +
|a rèir 'according to'
 +
|-
 +
|a thaobh 'regarding'
 +
|-
 +
|air cùlaibh 'behind'
 +
|-
 +
|air feadh 'amongst'
 +
|-
 +
|air muin 'on top of'
 +
|-
 +
|air sgàth 'for the sake of'
 +
|-
 +
|air son 'for'/'because'
 +
|-
 +
|air tòir ' in pursuit of
 +
|-
 +
|am fianais 'in the presence of'
 +
|-
 +
|am measg 'among'
 +
|-
 +
|an aghaidh 'against'
 +
|-
 +
|an àite 'in place of'
 +
|-
 +
|an ceann 'within'
 +
|-
 +
|an coinneamh 'met with'
 +
|-
 +
|an dèidh 'after'
 +
|-
 +
|an làthair 'in the presence of'
 +
|-
 +
|às aonais 'without'
 +
|-
 +
|às eugmhais 'without'
 +
|-
 +
|às leth 'on behalf of'
 +
|-
 +
|às dèidh 'after'
 +
|-
 +
|fa chomhair 'opposite'
 +
|-
 +
|mu chomhair 'opposite'
 +
|-
 +
|mu dheidhinn 'concerning'
 +
|-
 +
|mu thimcheall 'regarding'
 +
|-
 +
|mun cuairt 'around'
 +
|-
 +
|os cionn 'above'
 +
|-
 +
|ri taobh 'beside'
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==List of Gaelic Adverbial Particles (intransitive prepositions)==
 
*a-bhàn 'down', 'downwards'
 
*a-bhàn 'down', 'downwards'
 
*a-nìos 'up', 'upwards'
 
*a-nìos 'up', 'upwards'
  
−
===The Inflection of Simple Gaelic Prepositions===
 
  
−
One rare property of Gaelic prepositions is that they inflect for person, number and gender when they take a pronoun as an object. In English you use two words: the preposition and the pronoun "to me", in Gaelic this is all bundled into one word "dhomh". Inflected prepositions never take a full object pronoun. So "*dhomh mi" is not well-formed. In addition many of the prepositions take special forms when coming before an [[article]]. For example, to say "from the", we use the form "bhon" (although bhon an is also possible). Similarly  the preposition le becomes leis before the article. These two kinds of inflection are summarized in the first chart below. Much rarer (but frequently used in certain [[Aspect aspectual]] constructions) are forms of the preposition that inflect for a [[posspron possessive pronoun]]. For example, to say "at my" we don't say "aig mo", instead " 'gam " is used. The inflection of the prepositions for possessive pronouns is given in the second chart.
+
==The Inflection of Gaelic Prepositions==
  
−
==Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns==
+
Gaelic Prepositions inflect for [[person (definition)|person]], [[number (definition)|number]] and [[gender (definition)|gender]] when they take a [[Pronoun (definition)|pronoun]] as an object. For example if we were to say "at me", we use the inflected form "agam".
−
""<TABLE columns="7" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
 
−
<TR><TH><TH rowspan="2">definite<TH colspan="4">singular<TH colspan="3">plural
 
−
<TR><TH><TH>1<TH>2<TH>3 masc<TH>3 fem<TH>1<TH>2<TH>3
 
−
<TR><TH>aig<TD>aig an<TD>agam<TD>agad<TD>aige<TD>aice<TD>againn<TD>agaibh<TD>aca
 
−
<TR><TH>air<TD>air an<TD>orm<TD>ort<TD>air<TD>oirre<TD>oirnn<TD>oirbh<TD>orra
 
−
<TR><TH>ann<TD>anns an<TD>annam<TD>annad<TD><center>ann<TD><center>innte<TD><center>annainn<TD><center>annaibh<TD><center>annta
 
−
<TR><TH>à<TD><center>às an<TD><center>asam<TD><center>asad<TD><center>às<TD><center>aisde<TD><center>asainn<TD><center>asaibh<TD><center>asda
 
−
<TR><TH>bho<TD><center>bhon<TD><center>bhuam<TD><center>bhuat<TD><center>bhuaithe<TD><center>bhuaipe<TD><center>bhuainn<TD><center>bhuaibh<TD><center>bhuapa
 
−
<TR><TH>de (dhe)<TD><center>dhen<TD><center>dhiom<TD><center>dhiot<TD><center>dheth<TD><center>dhith<TD><center>dhinn<TD><center>dhibh<TD><center>dhiubh
 
−
<TR><TH>do <TD><center>don<TD><center>dhomh<TD><center>dhut<TD><center>dha<TD><center>dhi<TD><center>dhuinn<TD><center>dhuibh<TD><center>dhiabh
 
−
<TR><TH>fo <TD><center>fon<TD><center>fodham<TD><center>fodhad<TD><center>fodha<TD><center>foidhpe<TD><center>fodhainn<TD><center>fodhaibh<TD><center>fodhpa
 
−
<TR><TH>eadar <TD><center>eadar an<TD><center>--<TD><center>--<TD><center>--<TD><center>--<TD><center>eadarainn<TD><center>eadaraibh<TD><center>eatorra
 
−
<TR><TH rowspan="2">gu <TD><center> (thun*)<TD><center>(th)ugam<TD><center>(th)ugad<TD><center>(th)uige<TD><center>(th)uice<TD><center>(th)ugainn<TD><center>(th)ugaibh<TD><center>(th)uca
 
−
<TR><TD><center>chun<TD><center>chugam*<TD><center>chugad<TD><center>chuige<TD><center>chuice<TD><center>chugainn<TD><center>chugaibh<TD><center>chuca
 
−
<TR><TH>gun<TD colspan="8"> <center><i>no special inflected forms
 
−
<TR><TH>le<TD><center>leis an<TD><center>leam<TD><center>leat<TD><center>leis<TD><center>leatha<TD><center>leinn<TD><center>leibh<TD><center>leotha/leò
 
−
<TR><TH>mar<TD colspan="8"> <center><i>no special inflected forms
 
−
<TR><TH>mu<TD><center>mun<TD><center>umam<TD><center>umad<TD><center>uime<TD><center>uimpe<TD><center>umainn<TD><center>umaibh<TD><center>umpa
 
−
<TR><TH>o<TD><center>on<TD><center>uam<TD><center>uat<TD><center>uaithe<TD><center>uaipe<TD><center>uainn<TD><center>uaibh<TD><center>uapa
 
−
<TR><TH>rè<TD colspan="8"> <center><i>no special inflected forms
 
−
<TR><TH>ri<TD><center>ris an<TD><center>rium<TD><center>ruit<TD><center>ris<TD><center>rithe<TD><center>ruinn<TD><center>ruibh<TD><center>riutha
 
−
<TR><TH>ro (roimh)<TD><center>ron<TD><center>romham<TD><center>romhad<TD><center>roimh(e) <TD><center>roimhpe<TD><center>romhainn<TD><center>romhaibh<TD><center>romhpa
 
−
<TR><TH>thar<TD><center>thar an<TD><center>tharam<TD><center>tharad<TD><center>thairis <TD><center>thairte<TD><center>tharainn<TD><center>tharaibh<TD><center>tharta
 
−
<TR><TH>trìd<TD colspan="8"> <center><i>no special inflected forms
 
−
<TR><TH>tro (troimh)<TD><center>tron<TD><center>tromham<TD><center>tromhad<TD><center>troimhe <TD><center>troimhpe<TD><center>tromhainn<TD><center>tromhaibh<TD><center>tromhpa
 
−
</TABLE>""
 
−
*Note the //chugam, chugad// etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form //thun//
 
  
−
==Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns==
+
*A complete set of inflected form of the prepositions can be found at [[Prepositional Inflection]]
−
The 1st person singular, 2nd person singular and 3rd person singular masculine forms here trigger lenition (indicated with a superscript ""<sup>L""). 1st and 2nd person plurals trigger the prefixation of n- onto words beginning with vowels ([[nasalization]]), This is indicated with a superscript ""<sup>N"". the pronunciation of the a consonant following these and the 3rd person plural is also frequently voiced or nasalized.  Finally the 3rd person feminine forms prefix an <h> onto words beginning with a vowel. This is indicated with ""<sup>H"". The superscript N, H, and L are not usually written out in the [[orthography]] of Gaelic and are presented here merely to remind you what [[InitialConsonant Initial Consonant Mutation]] is being triggered.
 
  
−
Note: of the following only the possessive inflected forms of  aig, ann, do and ri are in regular use. All the others quite rare or considered prescriptively inferior.
+
== External Links ==
  
−
""<TABLE columns="7" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
+
*An Coitcheann page on Prepositions: http://wikademy.wikispaces.com/Prepositions
−
<TR><TH><TH colspan="4">singular<TH colspan="3">plural
 
−
<TR><TH><TH>1<TH>2<TH>3 masc<TH>3 fem<TH>1<TH>2<TH>3
 
−
<TR><TH>aig<TD><center>'gam<sup>L</sup><TD><center>'gad<sup>L</sup><TD><center>'ga<sup>L</sup><TD><center>'ga<sup>H</sup><TD><center>'gar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>'gur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>'gan
 
−
<TR><TH>ann<TD><center>'nam<sup>L</sup><TD><center>'nad<sup>L</sup><TD><center>'na<sup>L</sup><TD><center>'na<sup>H</sup><TD><center>'nar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>'nur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>'nan
 
−
<TR><TH>bho<TD><center>bhom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>bhod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>bho a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>bho a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>bhor<sup>N</sup><TD><center>bhu<sup>N</sup><TD><center>bhon
 
−
<TR><TH>de (dhe)<TD><center>dhem<sup>L</sup><TD><center>dhed<sup>L</sup><TD><center>dhe a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>dhe a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>dhe ar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>dhe ur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>dhen
 
−
<TR><TH>do <TD><center>dom<sup>L</sup>/dham<sup>L</sup><TD><center>dod<sup>L</sup>/dhad<sup>L</sup><TD><center>dha<sup>L</sup><TD><center>dha<sup>H</sup><TD><center>dor/dhar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>dhur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>don/dhan
 
−
<TR><TH>fo <TD><center>fom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>fod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>fo a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>fo a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>for<sup>N</sup><TD><center>fur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>fon
 
−
<TR><TH >gu <TD><center>gum<sup>L</sup><TD><center>gud<sup>L</sup><TD><center>gu a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>gu a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>gar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>gur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>gun
 
−
<TR><TH>le<TD><center>lem<sup>L</sup><TD><center>led'<sup>L</sup><TD><center>le a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>le a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>ler<sup>N</sup><TD><center>lur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>len
 
−
<TR><TH>mu<TD><center>'mum<sup>L</sup><TD><center>'mud<sup>L</sup><TD><center>mu a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>mu a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>mar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>mur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>man
 
−
<TR><TH>o<TD><center>om<sup>L</sup><TD><center>od<sup>L</sup><TD><center>o a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>o a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>or<sup>N</sup><TD><center>ur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>on
 
−
<TR><TH>ri<TD><center>rim<sup>L</sup><TD><center>rid<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ri a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ri a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>ri ar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>ri ur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>rin
 
−
<TR><TH>ro (roimh)<TD><center>rom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>rod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ro a<sup>L</sup> <TD><center>ro a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>ror<sup>N</sup><TD><center>rur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>ron
 
−
<TR><TH>tro (troimh)<TD><center>trom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>trod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>tro a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>tro a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>tror<sup>N</sup><TD><center>trur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>tron
 
−
</TABLE>""
 
−
- Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with <b>, <m>, <f> and <p>
 
−
- Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. air mo"
 
  
−
===The Inflection of Complex Gaelic Prepositions===
+
==[[References]]==
 +
*Mark, Colin (2004) ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.'' London: Routledge
 +
*Lamb, William (2003) ''Scottish Gaelic''. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
 +
*Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
  
−
Complex Prepositions that end in a simple preposition such as //còmhla ri//  are inflected just like the simple preposition. Complex prepositions that end in a noun (and govern the genitive case) such as //air muin// are inflected differently. They are inflected uses in the [[posspron possessive pronouns]], so "on top of him" would be //air a mheasg//.
 
  
−
----
 
−
===[[References]]===
 
−
-Mark, Colin (2004) //The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla.// London: Routledge
 
−
-Lamb, William (2003) //Scottish Gaelic//. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
 
−
-Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
 
−
----
 
  
 
[[Category:Syntax]]
 
[[Category:Syntax]]
 
[[Category:Morphology]]
 
[[Category:Morphology]]
 +
[[Category: Preposition]]
 +
[[Category: Lexical Item]]

Latest revision as of 08:34, 26 October 2012

For a definition of preposition see the page Preposition (definition)

Gaelic has both simple prepositions and complex ones. In this article you'll find first a list of all the prepositions, then at the bottom you'll find some useful charts about how prepositions inflect for person and number.


List of Gaelic Simple Prepositions


PREPOSITION LENITES CASE taken by following
aig 'at' NO DATIVE
air 'on' NO DATIVE
ann an/ anns/ ann 'in' NO DATIVE
à/às 'out of'/'from' (as in place of national origin) NO DATIVE
bho 'from' (as in source of movement) YES DATIVE
chun 'to the' (in the sense of "as far as" but not "into" NO GENITIVE
de (dheL/deL) 'of/off' YES DATIVE
do (doL) 'to/for' YES DATIVE
fo (foL) 'under' YES DATIVE
eadar 'between' NO ACCUSATIVE
far 'off' NO GENITIVE
gu (thun/chun) 'to' NO DATIVE
gun 'without' YES (except the dental sounds <d,t,n,l,r,s>) DATIVE or ACCUSATIVE (Dialectal variation)
le 'with' NO DATIVE
mar 'like'/'as' ? ?
Mu 'about' YES DATIVE
o 'from' YES DATIVE
rè 'during' YES (only when the object is a definite plural) GENITIVE
ri 'to' NO DATIVE
ro (roimh) 'before' YES DATIVE
thar 'over'/'beyond' NO GENITIVE
tharsainn 'across' NO GENITIVE
trìd 'through, on account of' NO GENITIVE
tro (troimh) 'through' YES DATIVE

List of Gaelic Complex and Compound Prepositions

(List taken from Mark 2004:686 and Lamb 2003:49)

CASE take by following noun Preposition
ACCUSATIVE ceangailte ri 'tied to'
coltach ri 'similar to'
gu ruige 'as far as, up to'
DATIVE an coimeas ri 'compared to'
an taca ri 'next to'
barrachd air 'in addition to'
còmhla ri 'along with'
cuide ri 'along with'
faisg air 'close to'
goirid air 'close to'
làmh ri 'next to', 'compared to'
maille ri 'along with'
mun cuairt air 'around"
seachad air 'past'
suas ri 'up to'
thairis air 'across'
GENITIVE a chum 'for the purpose of'
a dh'ionnsaigh 'towards'
a rèir 'according to'
a thaobh 'regarding'
air cùlaibh 'behind'
air feadh 'amongst'
air muin 'on top of'
air sgàth 'for the sake of'
air son 'for'/'because'
air tòir ' in pursuit of
am fianais 'in the presence of'
am measg 'among'
an aghaidh 'against'
an àite 'in place of'
an ceann 'within'
an coinneamh 'met with'
an dèidh 'after'
an làthair 'in the presence of'
às aonais 'without'
às eugmhais 'without'
às leth 'on behalf of'
às dèidh 'after'
fa chomhair 'opposite'
mu chomhair 'opposite'
mu dheidhinn 'concerning'
mu thimcheall 'regarding'
mun cuairt 'around'
os cionn 'above'
ri taobh 'beside'


List of Gaelic Adverbial Particles (intransitive prepositions)

  • a-bhàn 'down', 'downwards'
  • a-nìos 'up', 'upwards'


The Inflection of Gaelic Prepositions

Gaelic Prepositions inflect for person, number and gender when they take a pronoun as an object. For example if we were to say "at me", we use the inflected form "agam".

External Links

References

  • Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
  • Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
  • Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
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