Difference between revisions of "Prepositional Inflection"
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*''For a list of Gaelic prepositions see the page [[Prepositions]]'' | *''For a list of Gaelic prepositions see the page [[Prepositions]]'' | ||
| − | One rare property of Gaelic prepositions is that they inflect for [[person (definition)|person], [[Number (definition)|number]] and [[Gender (definition)|gender]] when they take a pronoun as an object. In English you use two words: the preposition and the pronoun "to me", in Gaelic this is all bundled into one word "dhomh". Inflected prepositions never take a full object pronoun. So "*dhomh mi" is not well-formed. In addition, many of the prepositions take special forms when coming before an [[article (definition)|article]]. For example, to say "from the", we use the form "bhon" (although ''bhon an'' is also possible). Similarly the preposition le becomes leis before the article. These two kinds of inflection are summarized in the first chart below. Much rarer (but frequently used in certain [[Aspect|aspectual]] constructions) are forms of the preposition that inflect for a [[Possessive Pronoun|possessive pronoun]]. For example, to say "at my" we don't say "aig mo", instead " 'gam " is used. The inflection of the prepositions for possessive pronouns is given in the second chart. | + | One rare property of Gaelic prepositions is that they inflect for [[person (definition)|person]], [[Number (definition)|number]] and [[Gender (definition)|gender]] when they take a pronoun as an object. In English you use two words: the preposition and the pronoun "to me", in Gaelic this is all bundled into one word "dhomh". Inflected prepositions never take a full object pronoun. So "*dhomh mi" is not well-formed. In addition, many of the prepositions take special forms when coming before an [[article (definition)|article]]. For example, to say "from the", we use the form "bhon" (although ''bhon an'' is also possible). Similarly the preposition le becomes leis before the article. These two kinds of inflection are summarized in the first chart below. Much rarer (but frequently used in certain [[Aspect|aspectual]] constructions) are forms of the preposition that inflect for a [[Possessive Pronoun|possessive pronoun]]. For example, to say "at my" we don't say "aig mo", instead " 'gam " is used. The inflection of the prepositions for possessive pronouns is given in the second chart. |
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|- | |- | ||
![[Do (preposition)|do]] | ![[Do (preposition)|do]] | ||
| − | |don||dhomh||dhut||dha||dhi||dhuinn||dhuibh|| | + | |don||dhomh||dhut||dha||dhi||dhuinn||dhuibh||dhaibh |
|- | |- | ||
!fo | !fo | ||
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|eadar an||--||--||--||--||eadarainn||eadaraibh||eatorra | |eadar an||--||--||--||--||eadarainn||eadaraibh||eatorra | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | !rowspan="2" | gu | + | !rowspan="2" | [[Gu (preposition)|gu]] |
| (thun<sup>†</sup>)||(th)ugam||(th)ugad||(th)uige||(th)uice||(th)ugainn||(th)ugaibh||(th)uca | | (thun<sup>†</sup>)||(th)ugam||(th)ugad||(th)uige||(th)uice||(th)ugainn||(th)ugaibh||(th)uca | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms'' | |colspan="8" | ''no special inflected forms'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | !le | + | ![[le (preposition)|le]] |
|leis an||leam||leat||leis||leatha||leinn||leibh||leotha/leò | |leis an||leam||leat||leis||leatha||leinn||leibh||leotha/leò | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|colspan="8" |''no special inflected forms'' | |colspan="8" |''no special inflected forms'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | !ri | + | ![[Ri (preposition)|ri] |
|ris an||rium||ruit||ris||rithe||ruinn||ruibh||riutha | |ris an||rium||ruit||ris||rithe||ruinn||ruibh||riutha | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | !ro (roimh) | + | ![[Ro (preposition)|ro (roimh)]] |
|ron||romham||romhad||roimh(e) ||roimhpe||romhainn||romhaibh||romhpa | |ron||romham||romhad||roimh(e) ||roimhpe||romhainn||romhaibh||romhpa | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|colspan="9"|†Note the ''chugam, chugad'' etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form ''thun'' | |colspan="9"|†Note the ''chugam, chugad'' etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form ''thun'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | |||
==Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns== | ==Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns== | ||
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==The Inflection of Complex Gaelic Prepositions== | ==The Inflection of Complex Gaelic Prepositions== | ||
| − | Complex Prepositions that end in a simple preposition such as '''còmhla ri''' are inflected just like the simple preposition. Complex prepositions that end in a noun (and govern the genitive case) such as ''air muin'' are inflected differently. They are inflected uses in the [[Possessive | + | Complex Prepositions that end in a simple preposition such as '''còmhla ri''' are inflected just like the simple preposition. Complex prepositions that end in a noun (and govern the genitive case) such as ''air muin'' are inflected differently. They are inflected uses in the [[Possessive Pronouns]], so "on top of him" would be ''air a mheasg''. |
| + | |||
| + | ==External Links== | ||
| + | *An Coitcheann page on Prepositions: http://wikademy.wikispaces.com/Prepositions | ||
==[[References]]== | ==[[References]]== | ||
Latest revision as of 23:05, 15 March 2013
- For a definition of preposition see the page Preposition (definition)
- For a list of Gaelic prepositions see the page Prepositions
One rare property of Gaelic prepositions is that they inflect for person, number and gender when they take a pronoun as an object. In English you use two words: the preposition and the pronoun "to me", in Gaelic this is all bundled into one word "dhomh". Inflected prepositions never take a full object pronoun. So "*dhomh mi" is not well-formed. In addition, many of the prepositions take special forms when coming before an article. For example, to say "from the", we use the form "bhon" (although bhon an is also possible). Similarly the preposition le becomes leis before the article. These two kinds of inflection are summarized in the first chart below. Much rarer (but frequently used in certain aspectual constructions) are forms of the preposition that inflect for a possessive pronoun. For example, to say "at my" we don't say "aig mo", instead " 'gam " is used. The inflection of the prepositions for possessive pronouns is given in the second chart.
Contents
Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns
| singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| definite | 1 | 2 | 3 masc | 3 fem | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| aig | aig an | agam | agad | aige | aice | againn | agaibh | aca |
| air | air an | orm | ort | air | oirre | oirnn | oirbh | orra |
| ann | anns an | annam | annad | ann | innte | annainn | annaibh | annta |
| à | às an | asam | asad | às | aisde | asainn | asaibh | asda |
| bho | bhon | bhuam | bhuat | bhuaithe | bhuaipe | bhuainn | bhuaibh | bhuapa |
| de (dhe) | dhen | dhiom | dhiot | dheth | dhith | dhinn | dhibh | dhiubh |
| do | don | dhomh | dhut | dha | dhi | dhuinn | dhuibh | dhaibh |
| fo | fon | fodham | fodhad | fodha | foidhpe | fodhainn | fodhaibh | fodhpa |
| eadar | eadar an | -- | -- | -- | -- | eadarainn | eadaraibh | eatorra |
| gu | (thun†) | (th)ugam | (th)ugad | (th)uige | (th)uice | (th)ugainn | (th)ugaibh | (th)uca |
| chun | chugam† | chugad | chuige | chuice | chugainn | chugaibh | chuca | |
| gun | no special inflected forms | |||||||
| le | leis an | leam | leat | leis | leatha | leinn | leibh | leotha/leò |
| mar | no special inflected forms | |||||||
| mu | mun | umam | umad | uime | uimpe | umainn | umaibh | umpa |
| o | on | uam | uat | uaithe | uaipe | uainn | uaibh | uapa |
| rè | no special inflected forms | |||||||
| [[Ri (preposition)|ri] | ris an | rium | ruit | ris | rithe | ruinn | ruibh | riutha |
| ro (roimh) | ron | romham | romhad | roimh(e) | roimhpe | romhainn | romhaibh | romhpa |
| thar | thar an | tharam | tharad | thairis | thairte | tharainn | <tharaibh | tharta |
| trìd | no special inflected forms | |||||||
| tro (troimh) | tron | tromham | tromhad | troimhe | troimhpe | tromhainn | tromhaibh | tromhpa |
| †Note the chugam, chugad etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form thun | ||||||||
Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns
The 1st person singular, 2nd person singular and 3rd person singular masculine forms here trigger lenition (indicated with a superscript L). 1st and 2nd person plurals trigger the prefixation of n- onto words beginning with vowels (nasalization), This is indicated with a superscript N. the pronunciation of the a consonant following these and the 3rd person plural is also frequently voiced or nasalized. Finally the 3rd person feminine forms prefix an <h> onto words beginning with a vowel. This is indicated with H. The superscript N, H, and L are not usually written out in the orthography of Gaelic and are presented here merely to remind you what Initial Consonant Mutation is being triggered.
Note: of the following only the possessive inflected forms of aig, ann, do and ri are in regular use. All the others quite rare or considered prescriptively inferior.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 masc | 3 fem | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| aig | 'gamL | 'gadL | 'gaL | 'gaH | 'garN | 'gurN | 'gan |
| ann | 'namL | 'nadL | 'naL | 'naH | 'narN | 'nurN | 'nan |
| bho | bhomL | bhodL | bho aL | bho aH | bhorN | bhuN | bhon |
| de (dhe) | dhemL | dhedL | dhe aL | dhe aH | dhe arN | dhe urN | dhen |
| do | domL/dhamL | dodL/dhadL | dhaL | dhaH | dor/dharN | dhurN | don/dhan |
| fo | fomL | fodL | fo aL | fo aH | forN | furN | fon |
| gu | gumL | gudL | gu aL | gu aH | garN | gurN | gun |
| le | lemL | led'L | le aL | le aH | lerN | lurN | len |
| mu | 'mumL | 'mudL | mu aL | mu aH | marN | murN | man |
| o | omL | odL | o aL | o aH | orN | urN | on |
| ri | rimL | ridL | ri aL | ri aH | ri arN | ri urN | rin |
| ro (roimh) | romL | rodL | ro aL | ro aH | rorN | rurN | ron |
| tro (troimh) | tromL | trodL | tro aL | tro aH | trorN | trurN | tron |
- Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with <m, b, f, p>.
- Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. "air mo")
The Inflection of Complex Gaelic Prepositions
Complex Prepositions that end in a simple preposition such as còmhla ri are inflected just like the simple preposition. Complex prepositions that end in a noun (and govern the genitive case) such as air muin are inflected differently. They are inflected uses in the Possessive Pronouns, so "on top of him" would be air a mheasg.
External Links
- An Coitcheann page on Prepositions: http://wikademy.wikispaces.com/Prepositions
References
- Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
- Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
- Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
