Difference between revisions of "Numerals"
From Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki
AndrewCarnie (talk | contribs) (→Vigesimal System: when used to list phone numbers or count objects without naming them) |
AndrewCarnie (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | ==Cardinal Numbers== | + | ==Cardinal Numbers:when used to list phone numbers or count objects without naming them == |
| + | *To see a definition of cardinal numbers see [[Cardinal Number (definition)]] | ||
| − | Traditionally Gaelic used a vigesimal counting system. This means that it is based in 20s (equivalent to the old numbers in English based on "Score"). Within this system there are several different variants for counting larger complex numbers. | + | Traditionally Gaelic used a vigesimal counting system. This means that it is based in 20s (equivalent to the old numbers in English based on "Score"). Within this system there are several different variants for counting larger complex numbers. A more modern decimal (10 based system) has been introduced and is taught in schools, but isn't favored by many native speakers. These are the forms that end in ''-ead'' or ''-ad''. |
| − | + | The numbers below are used to count, list years, or phone numbers. See section 2 below for directions for use when counting nouns. | |
| − | + | ===0 to 19=== | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
*0-19 are identical in the vigesimal and decimal systems. | *0-19 are identical in the vigesimal and decimal systems. | ||
*Numbers 0-10 are formed using simple numbers | *Numbers 0-10 are formed using simple numbers | ||
| Line 74: | Line 69: | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | ===Vigesimal 20-29, 40-49, 60-69, 80-89=== | ||
| + | The vigesimal system is based on the number 20 (ie. with most numbers using some multiple of 20). | ||
| − | |||
*The number twenty is ''fichead' | *The number twenty is ''fichead' | ||
*There are three different ways to form numbers from 21-29 | *There are three different ways to form numbers from 21-29 | ||
| Line 213: | Line 209: | ||
| − | + | ===Vigesimal 30-39, 50-59, 70-79, 90-99=== | |
| + | |||
| + | *The numbers 30, 50, 70 and 90 are formed by taking the numbers 20, 40, 60, and 80 and attaching '' 's a deich'' | ||
| + | *The numbers between these are formed by taking the numbers 20, 40, 60, 80 and attaching the appropriate "teen" form (''deug'' form). So 73 is "three twenties and thirteen" ''trì fichead 's a trì deug'', | ||
| + | |||
:{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" | :{| border=1 cellpadding="5", rules="all" | ||
!Number | !Number | ||
| Line 385: | Line 385: | ||
| − | = | + | ====Decimal 20-99==== |
| − | + | The decimal system is similar to that of English, and is based on multiples of 10. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | ===Decimal | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
*Each "10" has it's own name (fichead, trithead, ceathrad, etc) | *Each "10" has it's own name (fichead, trithead, ceathrad, etc) | ||
*take any of the 10s follow it with '' 's'' (and), then one of the digits 1-9 preceded by the counting particle (e.g. fichead 's a h-aon, trithead 's a dha etc.) | *take any of the 10s follow it with '' 's'' (and), then one of the digits 1-9 preceded by the counting particle (e.g. fichead 's a h-aon, trithead 's a dha etc.) | ||
| − | |||
<small> | <small> | ||
| Line 663: | Line 582: | ||
</small> | </small> | ||
| − | + | ===100+=== | |
*100 ceud | *100 ceud | ||
| − | *120 sia fichead | + | *120 sia fichead or ceud 's a fichead |
| − | *140 seachd fichead | + | *140 seachd fichead or ceud 's a ceathrad |
| − | *150 | + | *150 XXXXX |
| − | *160 ochd fichead | + | *160 ochd fichead or XXX |
| − | *180 naoi fichead | + | *180 naoi fichead or XXX |
*1000 mile | *1000 mile | ||
*1999 naoi ceud deug ceithir fichead 's a naoi deug | *1999 naoi ceud deug ceithir fichead 's a naoi deug | ||
| Line 675: | Line 594: | ||
*2002 dà mhile 's a dhà | *2002 dà mhile 's a dhà | ||
*6693 sia mile sia ceud ceithir fichead 's a tri deug | *6693 sia mile sia ceud ceithir fichead 's a tri deug | ||
| + | *100,000 ceud mile | ||
*1,000,000 millean | *1,000,000 millean | ||
| − | + | ===Important note about large numbers=== | |
Lamb (2003) based on research by Macaulay (1982) reports that for many speakers, large numbers, especially those that fall between the "scores" (120, 140 etc), are avoided and they will code switch to English. | Lamb (2003) based on research by Macaulay (1982) reports that for many speakers, large numbers, especially those that fall between the "scores" (120, 140 etc), are avoided and they will code switch to English. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Cardinal Numbers:when used to list phone numbers or count objects without naming them == |
| + | *To see a definition of cardinal numbers see [[Cardinal Number (definition)]] | ||
====1 to 10==== | ====1 to 10==== | ||
Revision as of 21:40, 2 July 2009
Contents
Cardinal Numbers:when used to list phone numbers or count objects without naming them
- To see a definition of cardinal numbers see Cardinal Number (definition)
Traditionally Gaelic used a vigesimal counting system. This means that it is based in 20s (equivalent to the old numbers in English based on "Score"). Within this system there are several different variants for counting larger complex numbers. A more modern decimal (10 based system) has been introduced and is taught in schools, but isn't favored by many native speakers. These are the forms that end in -ead or -ad.
The numbers below are used to count, list years, or phone numbers. See section 2 below for directions for use when counting nouns.
0 to 19
- 0-19 are identical in the vigesimal and decimal systems.
- Numbers 0-10 are formed using simple numbers
- Numbers 11-19 are formed by taking the basic numbers 1-9 and attaching deug to the end of it.
- Formally, when counting or listing phone numbers, each number is prefixed with the particle aH (a h-aonan, a dha, a tri, a ceithir, a còig, a sia, a seachd, a h-ochd, a naoi, a deich, etc.) But this particle is rarely used anymore by speakers. Lamb (2003) reports that the particle is only really used on the Radio. The particle does, however appear as the last part of complex numbers such as ceithir fichead 's a tri (83)
Number Gaelic Number Gaelic 0 neodi 10 deich 1 aonan/aona 11 aon deug 2 dhà 12 dà dheug 3 tri 13 tri deug 4 ceithir 14 ceithir deug 5 còig 15 còig deug 6 sia 16 sia deug 7 seachd 17 seachd deug 8 ochd 18 ochd deug 9 naoi 19 naoi deug
Vigesimal 20-29, 40-49, 60-69, 80-89
The vigesimal system is based on the number 20 (ie. with most numbers using some multiple of 20).
- The number twenty is fichead'
- There are three different ways to form numbers from 21-29
- take the simple number 1-9 and add "air fhichead ("on twenty") on the end. (e.g. dà air fhichead)
- take the simple number 1-9 and add thar fhichead ("over twenty") on the end. (e.g. trì thar fhichead)
- take the number twenty and follow it with 's (and), then one of the digits 1-9 preceded by the counting particle (e.g. fichead 's a h-aon)
- Multiples of twenty (40, 60, 70, 80, and to a rarer degree 120, 140, 160, 180) are formed by putting one of the digits 2-4 or 5-9 in front of fichead', (e.g. dà fhichead "two twenties", trì fichead "three twenties", notice that dà lenites fhichead.
- numbers 41-49, 69-69, 80-89 are formed by taking 40, 60, 80, and appending 's (and) and then one of the digits 1-9 preceded by the counting particle (e.g. dà fhichead 's a h-aon)
Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic 20 Fichead 40 dà fhichead 60 trì fichead 80 ceithir fichead 21 - fichead 's a h-aon
- aon air fhichead
- aon thar fhichead
41 dà fhichead 's a h-aon 61 trì fichead 's a h-aon 81 ceithir fichead 's a h-aon 22 - fichead 's a dhà
- dà air fhichead
- dà thar fhichead
42 dà fhichead 's a dhà 62 trì fichead 's a dhà 82 ceithir fichead 's a dhà 23 - fichead 's a trì
- trì air fhichead
- trì thar fhichead
43 dà fhichead 's a trì 63 trì fichead 's a trì 83 ceithir fichead 's a trì 24 - fichead 's a ceithir
- ceithir air fhichead
- ceithir thar fhichead
44 dà fhichead 's a ceithir 64 tri fichead 's a ceithir 84 ceithir fichead 's a ceithir 25 - fichead 's a còig
- còig air fhichead
- còig thar fhichead
45 dà fhichead 's a còig 65 trì fichead 's a còig 85 ceithir fichead 's a còig 26 - fichead 's a sia
- sia air fhichead
- sai thar fhichead
46 dà fhichead 's a sia 66 trì fichead 's a sia 86 ceithir fichead 's a sia 27 - fichead 's a seachd
- seachd air fhichead
- seachd thar fhichead
47 dà fhichead 's a seachd 67 trì fichead 's a seachd 87 ceithir fichead 's a seachd 28 - fichead 's a h-ochd
- ochd air fhichead
- ochd thar fhichead
48 dà fhichead 's a h-ochd 68 trì fichead 's a h-ochd 88 ceithir fichead 's a h-ochd 29 - fichead 's a naoi
- naoi air fhichead
- naoi thar fhichead
49 dà fhichead 's a naoi 69 trì fichead 's a naoi 89 ceithir fichead 's a naoi
Vigesimal 30-39, 50-59, 70-79, 90-99
- The numbers 30, 50, 70 and 90 are formed by taking the numbers 20, 40, 60, and 80 and attaching 's a deich
- The numbers between these are formed by taking the numbers 20, 40, 60, 80 and attaching the appropriate "teen" form (deug form). So 73 is "three twenties and thirteen" trì fichead 's a trì deug,
Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic 30 - deich air fhichead
- fichead 's a deich
50 - dà fhichead 's a deich
- leth-cheud
70 - trì fichead 's a deich
90 - ceithir fichead 's a deich
31 - aon deug air fhichead
- aon deug thar fhichead
- fichead 's a h-aon deug
51 - dà fhichead 's a h-aon deug
- leth-cheud 's a h-aon
71 - trì fichead 's a h-aon deug
91 - ceithir fichead 's a h-aon deug
32 - dà dheug air fhichead
- dà dheug thar fhichead
- fichead 's a dà dheug
52 - dà fhichead 's a dà dheug
- leth-cheud 's a dhà
72 - trì fichead 's a dà dheug
92 - ceithir fichead 's a dà dheug
33 - trì deug air fhichead
- trì deug thar fhichead
- fichead 's a trì deug
53 - dà fhichead 's a trì deug
- leth-cheud 's a trì
73 - trì fichead 's a trì deug
93 - ceithir fichead 's a trì deug
34 - ceithir deug air fhichead
- ceithir deug thar fhichead
- fichead 's a ceithir deug
54 - dà fhichead 's a ceithir deug
- leth-cheud 's a ceithir
74 - trì fichead 's a ceithir deug
94 - ceithir fichead 's a ceithir deug
35 - còig deug air fhichead
- còig deug thar fhichead
- fichead 's a còig deug
55 - dà fhichead 's a còig deug
- leth-cheud 's a còig
75 - trì fichead 's a còig deug
95 - ceithir fichead 's a còig deug
36 - sia deug air fhichead
- sia deug thar fhichead
- fichead 's a sia deug
56 - dà fhichead 's a sia deug
- leth-cheud 's a sia
76 - trì fichead 's a sia deug
96 - ceithir fichead 's a sia deug
37 - seachd deug air fhichead
- seachd deug thar fhichead
- fichead 's a seachd deug
57 - dà fhichead 's a seachd deug
- leth-cheud 's a seachd
77 - trì fichead 's a seachd deug
97 - ceithir fichead 's a seachd deug
38 - ochd deug air fhichead
- ochd deug thar fhichead
- fhichead 's a h-ochd deug
58 - dà fhichead 's a h-ochd deug
- leth-cheud 's a h-ochd
78 - trì fichead 's a h-ochd deug
98 - ceithir fichead 's a h-ochd deug
39 - naoi deug air fhichead
- naoi deug thar fhichead
- fhichead 's a naoi deug
59 - dà fhichead 's a naoi deug
- leth-cheud 's a naoi
79 - tri fichead 's a naoi deug
99 - ceithir fichead 's a naoi deug
Decimal 20-99
The decimal system is similar to that of English, and is based on multiples of 10.
- Each "10" has it's own name (fichead, trithead, ceathrad, etc)
- take any of the 10s follow it with 's (and), then one of the digits 1-9 preceded by the counting particle (e.g. fichead 's a h-aon, trithead 's a dha etc.)
Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic Number Gaelic 20 fichead 30 trithead 40 ceathrad 50 caogad 60 seasgad 70 seachdad 80 ochdad 90 naochad 21 fichead 's a h-aon 31 trithead 's a h-aon 41 ceathrad 's a h-aon 51 caogad 's a h-aon 61 seasgad 's a h-aon 71 seachdad 's a h-aon 81 ochdad 's a h-aon 91 naochad 's a h-aon 22 fichead 's a dhà 32 trithead 's a dha 42 ceathrad 's a dhà 52 caogad 's a dhà 62 seasgad 's a dhà 72 seachdad 's a dhà 82 ochdad 's a dhà 92 naochad 's a dhà 23 fichead 's a trì 33 trithead 's a trì 43 ceathrad 's a trì 53 caogad 's a trì 63 seasgad 's a trì 73 seachdad 's a trì 83 ochdad 's a trì 93 naochad 's a trì 24 fichead 's a ceithir 34 trithead 's a ceithir 44 ceathrad 's a ceithir 54 caogad 's a ceithir 64 seasgad 's a ceithir 74 seachdad 's a ceithir 84 ochdad 's a ceithir 94 naochad 's a ceithir 25 fichead 's a còig 35 trithead 's a còig 45 ceathrad 's a còig 55 caogad 's a còig 65 seasgad 's a còig 75 seachdad 's a còig 85 ochdad 's a còig 95 naochad 's a còig 26 fichead 's a sia 36 trithead 's a sia 46 ceathrad 's a sia 56 caogad 's a sia 66 seasgad 's a sia 76 seachdad 's a sia 86 ochdad 's a sia 96 naochad 's a sia 27 fichead 's a seachd 37 trithead 's a seachd 47 ceathrad 's a sia 57 caogad 's a seachd 67 seasgad 's a sia 77 seachdad 's a seachd 87 ochdad 's a sia 97 naochad 's a seachd 28 fichead 's a h-ochd 38 trithead 's a h-ochd 48 ceathrad 's a h-ochd 58 caogad 's a h-ochd 68 seasgad 's a h-ochd 78 seachdad 's a h-ochd 88 ochdad 's a h-ochd 98 naochad 's a h-ochd 29 fichead 's a naoi 39 trithead 's a naoi 49 ceathrad 's a naoi 59 caogad 's a naoi 69 seasgad 's a naoi 79 seachdad 's a naoi 89 ochdad 's a naoi 99 naochad 's a naoi
100+
- 100 ceud
- 120 sia fichead or ceud 's a fichead
- 140 seachd fichead or ceud 's a ceathrad
- 150 XXXXX
- 160 ochd fichead or XXX
- 180 naoi fichead or XXX
- 1000 mile
- 1999 naoi ceud deug ceithir fichead 's a naoi deug
- 2000 dà mhile
- 2002 dà mhile 's a dhà
- 6693 sia mile sia ceud ceithir fichead 's a tri deug
- 100,000 ceud mile
- 1,000,000 millean
Important note about large numbers
Lamb (2003) based on research by Macaulay (1982) reports that for many speakers, large numbers, especially those that fall between the "scores" (120, 140 etc), are avoided and they will code switch to English.
Cardinal Numbers:when used to list phone numbers or count objects without naming them
- To see a definition of cardinal numbers see Cardinal Number (definition)
1 to 10
English Gaelic Takes Example 1 aonL singular aon chat 2 dhàL/dàL dà chat 3 tri1 plural tri cait 4 ceithir ceithir cait 5 còig còig cait 6 sia sia cait 7 seachd seachd cait 8 ochd ocht cait 9 naoi naoi cait 10 deich deich cait
1In some dialects 3-5 also lenite the following noun.
11 to 19
English Gaelic Takes Example 11 aonL X deug singular aon chat deug 12 dàL X deug dà chat deug 13 tri X deug plural tri cait deug 14 ceithir X deug ceithir cait deug 15 còig X deug còig cait deug 16 sia X deug sia cait deug 17 seachd X deug seachd cait deug 18 ochd X deug ocht cait deug 19 naoi X deug naoi cait deug
Distributive Numbers
e.g. pair, dozen
Distributive Numbers for non-humans
Distributive Numbers for humans
Number Gaelic 1 aonan/aonar/aon fear (m) 2 dithis/dithist (f) 3 triùir (f) 4 ceathrar (m) 5 còignear (m) 6 sianar (m) 7 seachdnar/seachdar (m) 8 ochdnar/ochdar (m) 9 naoinear (m) 10 deichnear/deineir (m)
Lamb: numbers over 1 take genitive case. dithis fhear
Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers describe a position in a series of objects. In English these are numbers like first second, third
Number Gaelic Number Gaelic first a' chiad eleventh second - an darna
- a dara
twelfth third - an treas
- an trìtheamh
- an treasamh
thirteenth fourth an ceathramh fourteenth fifth an còigeamh fifteenth sixth an siathamh1 sixteenth seventh an seachdamh1 seventeenth eighth an t-ochdamh eighteenth ninth an naoidheamh nineteenth
1. For some speakers these nouns are feminine and show up as an t-seachdamh and an t-siathamh, especially before other nouns
- an deicheamh 'tenth'
- am ficheadamh 'twentieth'
Other Numbers
Multiplicative Numbers
represents repetition (once, twice, thrice)
Partitive Numbers
expresses a fraction (half, quarter, third)
- leth 'half'
Integrative-Cumulative Numbers
refer to something made up for several parts single, double, triple
External Links
References
- Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic: Level 1. Seattle: Each-Mara Publications
- Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. Munich: Lincom Europa.
- Macaulay, Donald (1982) Aspects of register range and choice in Scottish Gaelic. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 35:25-48.
- Robertson, Boyd and Ian MacDonald (2004) Gaelic Dictionary. Teach Yourself books.
