Difference between revisions of "Personal Pronouns"

Revision as of 21:23, 21 June 2009

for a definition of Pronoun see Pronoun (definition)

Basic Grade

The basic personal pronouns of Gaelic are used in neutral contexts (without emphasis) to indicate pronouns such as I, you, he, she, we, they. There is no distinction between nominative and accusative pronouns. (i.e. there is no difference between I and me, he and 'him, she and her, we and us and they and them in Gaelic. Notes:

There are two forms for the 2nd person singular form (thu and 'tu), tu is used after verbs in the relative future tense and conditional mood.
The sibh is used both for plural you and as a polite form of the singular
There is no neuter pronoun (it) in Gaelic. Instead either e or i is used depending upon the gender of the noun being used.
In the plural there is no gender distinction, one form (iad) is used for both genders.

person	Singular	Plural
1st	mi	sinn	2nd	thu/tu	sibh	3rd masc	e	iad	3rd fem	i

Possessive Pronouns

See main article at Possessive Pronouns

Person	Singular		Plural
1	my	mo^L	our	àr^N
2	your	do^L	your	ùr^N
3 masc	his	a^L	their	an/am
3 feminine	her	a^H	their	an/am

Notes:

^L stands for lenition trigger, ^N stands for Eclipsis/nasalization trigger, ^H indicates the word prefixes an <h> in front of the following word. These letters are not written but are provided here as guides.
am is used instead of an in front of words beginning with any labial consonant (i.e. <b, m, f, p>), eg. their table am bòrd
before words beginning with vowels "mo" is reduced to mo', do is reduced to d', and a^L his is deleted.

Prepositional Pronouns

Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns

See main article at Preposition Inflection

		singular				plural
	definite	1	2	3 masc	3 fem	1	2	3
aig	aig an	agam	agad	aige	aice	againn	agaibh	aca
air	air an	orm	ort	air	oirre	oirnn	oirbh	orra
ann	anns an	annam	annad	ann	innte	annainn	annaibh	annta
à	às an	asam	asad	às	aisde	asainn	asaibh	asda
bho	bhon	bhuam	bhuat	bhuaithe	bhuaipe	bhuainn	bhuaibh	bhuapa
de (dhe)	dhen	dhiom	dhiot	dheth	dhith	dhinn	dhibh	dhiubh
do	don	dhomh	dhut	dha	dhi	dhuinn	dhuibh	dhiabh
fo	fon	fodham	fodhad	fodha	foidhpe	fodhainn	fodhaibh	fodhpa
eadar	eadar an	--	--	--	--	eadarainn	eadaraibh	eatorra
gu	(thun^†)	(th)ugam	(th)ugad	(th)uige	(th)uice	(th)ugainn	(th)ugaibh	(th)uca
gu	chun	chugam^†	chugad	chuige	chuice	chugainn	chugaibh	chuca
gun	no special inflected forms
le	leis an	leam	leat	leis	leatha	leinn	leibh	leotha/leò
mar	no special inflected forms
mu	mun	umam	umad	uime	uimpe	umainn	umaibh	umpa
o	on	uam	uat	uaithe	uaipe	uainn	uaibh	uapa
rè	no special inflected forms
ri	ris an	rium	ruit	ris	rithe	ruinn	ruibh	riutha
ro (roimh)	ron	romham	romhad	roimh(e)	roimhpe	romhainn	romhaibh	romhpa
thar	thar an	tharam	tharad	thairis	thairte	tharainn	<tharaibh	tharta
trìd	no special inflected forms
tro (troimh)	tron	tromham	tromhad	troimhe	troimhpe	tromhainn	tromhaibh	tromhpa
†Note the chugam, chugad etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form thun

Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns

The 1st person singular, 2nd person singular and 3rd person singular masculine forms here trigger lenition (indicated with a superscript ^L). 1st and 2nd person plurals trigger the prefixation of n- onto words beginning with vowels (nasalization), This is indicated with a superscript ^N. the pronunciation of the a consonant following these and the 3rd person plural is also frequently voiced or nasalized. Finally the 3rd person feminine forms prefix an <h> onto words beginning with a vowel. This is indicated with ^H. The superscript N, H, and L are not usually written out in the orthography of Gaelic and are presented here merely to remind you what Initial Consonant Mutation is being triggered.

Note: of the following only the possessive inflected forms of aig, ann, do and ri are in regular use. All the others quite rare or considered prescriptively inferior.

	singular				plural
	1	2	3 masc	3 fem	1	2	3
aig	'gam^L	'gad^L	'ga^L	'ga^H	'gar^N	'gur^N	'gan
ann	'nam^L	'nad^L	'na^L	'na^H	'nar^N	'nur^N	'nan
bho	bhom^L	bhod^L	bho a^L	bho a^H	bhor^N	bhu^N	bhon
de (dhe)	dhem^L	dhed^L	dhe a^L	dhe a^H	dhe ar^N	dhe ur^N	dhen
do	dom^L/dham^L	dod^L/dhad^L	dha^L	dha^H	dor/dhar^N	dhur^N	don/dhan
fo	fom^L	fod^L	fo a^L	fo a^H	for^N	fur^N	fon
gu	gum^L	gud^L	gu a^L	gu a^H	gar^N	gur^N	gun
le	lem^L	led'^L	le a^L	le a^H	ler^N	lur^N	len
mu	'mum^L	'mud^L	mu a^L	mu a^H	mar^N	mur^N	man
o	om^L	od^L	o a^L	o a^H	or^N	ur^N	on
ri	rim^L	rid^L	ri a^L	ri a^H	ri ar^N	ri ur^N	rin
ro (roimh)	rom^L	rod^L	ro a^L	ro a^H	ror^N	rur^N	ron
tro (troimh)	trom^L	trod^L	tro a^L	tro a^H	tror^N	trur^N	tron

Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with <m, b, f, p>.
Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. "air mo")

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Basic Grade==
-The basic personal pronouns of Gaelic are used in neutral contexts (without emphasis) to indicate pronouns such as ''I, you, he, she, we, they''. There is no distinction between [[Nominative (definition)|nominative]] and [[Accusative (definition)|accusative]] pronouns. (i.e. there is no difference between ''I'' and ''me'', ''he'' and 'him'', ''she'' and ''her'', ''we'' and ''us'' and ''they'' and ''them'' in Gaelic.  There are two forms for the 2nd person singular form (''thu'' and 'tu''), ''tu'' is used after verbs in the [[Relative Future (tense)|relative future]] tense and [[Conditional (mood)|conditional]] mood
+The basic personal pronouns of Gaelic are used in neutral contexts (without emphasis) to indicate pronouns such as ''I, you, he, she, we, they''. There is no distinction between [[Nominative Case (definition)|nominative]] and [[Accusative Case (definition)|accusative]] pronouns. (i.e. there is no difference between ''I'' and ''me'', ''he'' and 'him'', ''she'' and ''her'', ''we'' and ''us'' and ''they'' and ''them'' in Gaelic.
+Notes:
+*There are two forms for the 2nd person singular form (''thu'' and 'tu''), ''tu'' is used after verbs in the [[Relative Future (tense)|relative future]] tense and [[Conditional (mood)|conditional]] mood.
+*The ''sibh'' is used both for plural ''you'' and as a polite form of the singular
+*There is no neuter pronoun (''it'') in Gaelic. Instead either ''e'' or ''i'' is used depending upon the [[Gender (definition)|gender]] of the noun being used.
+*In the plural there is no gender distinction, one form (''iad'') is used for both genders.
 {|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="text-align:center"
@@ Line 11: / Line 16: @@
 |-
 |1st
+|mi
+|sinn
+|2nd
+|thu/tu
+|sibh
+|3rd masc
+|e
+|rowspan="2"|iad
+|3rd fem
+|i
+|}
 ==Possessive Pronouns==

Difference between revisions of "Personal Pronouns"

Revision as of 21:23, 21 June 2009

Contents

Basic Grade

Possessive Pronouns

Prepositional Pronouns

Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns

Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Tools