Paper 1
MacAulay 1996 - Some Thoughts on time, tense and mode, and on aspect in SG
These things have all been characterized as tense...
which has lead to an 'overloading of the term' and to 'widespread descriptive ambivalence.'
introduce 3 basic systematic terms: tense, mode, and aspect
tense and mode are expressed at word level
aspect is phrasal
tense and mode are adjecent and not intersecting
tense is a purely temporal system (Comrie, 1985): past and non-past
mode: 'expounds two basic modal reflexes of the verb'
mode is definite and non-definite
e.g.
Tha 'be'
definite past - 'bha'
definite non-past - tha-
non-definite 1 - bithhidh
non-definite 2 - bitheadh
- All other verbs lack a definite non-past form*
Figure 1
Figure 2
Implications of system:
there is no description of future and present as they are both non-past.
present: point of speaking
Ian aig an dorus - 'Ian is at the door'
Bha Iain aig an dorus - 'Ian was at the door'
Tha can also have a generic reading: 'water is wet' - Tha uisge fluich
Therefore it is not in all cases time of speach
So, MacAuley posits that tha has multiple function but are not different lexical items?
Non-definite:
'bithidh Iain an Du'n Eideann' Ian (is) in Edinburgh
this phrase ambiguous without a temporal adverb
but becomes future with 'tomorrow'
'bithidh Iain an Du'n Eideann am ma'ireach'
This is not possible with bha:
'*bha Iain an Du'n Eideann am ma'ireach'
Bithidh can also have a habitual raeding:
'bithidh Iain an Du'n Eideann a h-uile latha' Ian is in Edinburgh every day
So, Bithidh is 'neutral to these distinctions'
Tentative affirmation, or conjecture:
bithidh Iain an Du'n Eideann a nise' Iain will be in Edinburgh by now!
Tha Iain an Du'n Eideann a nise - Iain is already in Edinburgh!
This is traditional SG
In contemporary SG, the above description is complicated by influence from English, due to which users distinguish between past,non-past and future:
Bha Iain an Du'n Eideann - Iain was in Edinburgh
Tha Iain an Du'n Eideann an diugh - Iain was in Edinburgh
Bithigh lain an Du'n Eideann a ma'ireach/a h-uile lath a - Iain will be in Edinburgh tommorow/everyday.
remodeling distinction o definite and non-definite non-past carried by the-bithidh, with tha-bithidh now carrying the English derived distinction between non-past and future!
These systems work side by side, older start, young bucks
non-past-definite
general truth:
Eirigh a' ghrian anne a' mhadainn - the sun rises in the morning
not, Eirigh a' ghrian a h-uil madainn - the sun rises every morning (habitual)
Ability/potentiality modal context (usual with verbs of perception):
Ch'i mi sin gun ghloinneachan - I can see that without glasses
Cluinnidh e am feud a' fa(graveaccent)s - he can hear the grass growing
Modals, which have no definite forms:
Feumaidh e falbh - 'He must go' Faodaidh e falbh - 'He may go'
