Difference between revisions of "Articles"

From Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 86: Line 86:
 
|colspan="2"|nan
 
|colspan="2"|nan
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
  
 
== Description 2: By form of the article==
 
== Description 2: By form of the article==
  
−
""<TABLE columns="2" border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all">
+
{| border=1 cellpadding=2, rules="all"
−
<TR><TH>Form<TH>location
+
|-
−
<TR><TD rowspan="4"><center>a'<sup>L<TD><center>Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before <i>b, c, g, m, p
+
!Form
−
<TR><TD><center>Feminine Dative Singular before <i>b, c, g, m, p
+
!location
−
<TR><TD><center>Masculine Dative Singular before <i>b, c, g, m, p
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Mascuine Genitive Singular before <i>b, c, g, m, p
+
|rowspan="4"|a'<sup>L</sup>
−
<TR><TD><center>am<TD><center>Masculine Nom/Acc Singular before <i> f,b,m,p
+
|Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
−
<TR><TD rowspan="5"><center>an<TD><center>Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before vowels and <i>d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Feminine Dative Singular before vowels and <i>d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
+
|Feminine Dative Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
−
<TR><TD><center>Masculine Dative Singular before vowels and <i>d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Mascuine Genitive Singular before vowels and <i>d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
+
|Masculine Dative Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
−
<TR><TD><center>Mascuine Nom/Acc Singular before anything <i><u> except </u></i> vowels and <i> b, f, m, p
+
|-
−
<TR><TD rowspan="4"><center>an<sup>L<TD><center>Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before <i>f
+
|Masculine Genitive Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
−
<TR><TD><center>Feminine Dative Singular before <i>f
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Masculine Dative Singular before <i>f
+
|am
−
<TR><TD><center>Mascuine Genitive Singular before <i>f
+
|Masculine Nom/Acc Singular before "f, b, m, p"
−
<TR><TD rowspan="5"><center>an t-<TD><center>Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Feminine Dative Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
+
|rowspan="5"|an
−
<TR><TD><center>Masculine Dative Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
+
|Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before vowels and ''d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm''
−
<TR><TD><center>Mascuine Genitive Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Mascuine Nom/Acc Singular before vowels
+
|Feminine Dative Singular before vowels and ''d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm''
−
<TR><TD rowspan="3"><center>na<TD><center>Nom/Acc plural before consonants
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Dative plural before consonants
+
|Masculine Dative Singular before vowels and ''d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm''
−
<TR><TD><center>Feminine Genitive singular before consonants
+
|-
−
<TR><TD rowspan="3"><center>na h-<TD><center>Nom/Acc plural before vowels
+
|Masculine Genitive Singular before vowels and ''d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm''
−
<TR><TD><center>Dative plural before vowels
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>Feminine Genitive singular before vowels
+
|Masculine Nom/Acc Singular before anything ''except''  vowels and "b, f, m, p"
−
<TR><TD><center>nam<TD><center>Plural Genitive before <i>b, f, m, p
+
|-
−
<TR><TD><center>nan<TD><center>Plural Genitive before other sounds
+
|rowspan="4"|an<sup>L</sup>
−
</TABLE>""
+
|Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before ''f''
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>Feminine Dative Singular before <i>f
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>Masculine Dative Singular before <i>f
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>Mascuine Genitive Singular before <i>f
 +
|-
 +
<TD rowspan="5"><center>an t-<TD><center>Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>Feminine Dative Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
 +
|-
 +
|Masculine Dative Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
 +
|-
 +
|Masculine Genitive Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
 +
|-
 +
|Masculine Nom/Acc Singular before vowels
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="3"|na
 +
|Nom/Acc plural before consonants
 +
|-
 +
|Dative plural before consonants
 +
|-
 +
|Feminine Genitive singular before consonants
 +
|-
 +
<TD rowspan="3"><center>na h-<TD><center>Nom/Acc plural before vowels
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>Dative plural before vowels
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>Feminine Genitive singular before vowels
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>nam<TD><center>Plural Genitive before <i>b, f, m, p
 +
|-
 +
<TD><center>nan<TD><center>Plural Genitive before other sounds
 +
|}
  
  

Revision as of 22:05, 18 April 2009

Article is a common name for what linguists typically call determiners. In English 'the' and 'a/an' are articles. In Gaelic the indefinite article is silent (e.g. leabhar 'a book') -- the exception being the indefinite genitive, where there is no overt article, but the noun is lenited (Lamb 2003: 29). The definite article surfaces variously as an, am, a', nam, nan or na depending upon the case, gender, and number of the noun it modifies and depending upon which Consonant the following word begins with.

Throughout the following symbols indicate initial mutations and are not traditionally written out L means "triggers lenition", Articles ending in -n or -m often trigger voicing of the following consonant through nasalizaiton, although this is not indicated in writing.

The system is complex, so we give three different descriptions. Choose the one that suits you best.

Description 1: By gender and number

Masculine Singular Article

before
f b, m, p c, g sV, sl, sn, sr d, t, l, n, r, sg, sm, sp, st before vowels
Nom/Acc (common case) am an an t-
Dat anL a'L an t- an
Gen


Feminine Singular Article

before
f b, m, p c, g sV, sl, sn, sr d, t, l, n, r, sg, sm, sp, st before vowels
Nom/Acc (common case) anL a'L an t- an
Dat
Gen na na h-


Plural Article

before
f, b, m, p all other consonants before vowels
Nom/Acc (common case) na na h-
Dat
Gen nam nan


Description 2: By form of the article

<TD>
Feminine Dative Singular before f

<TD><center>Masculine Dative Singular before <i>f

<TD><center>Mascuine Genitive Singular before <i>f

<TD rowspan="5"><center>an t-<TD><center>Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr

<TD><center>Feminine Dative Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr

<TD rowspan="3"><center>na h-<TD><center>Nom/Acc plural before vowels <TD><center>Dative plural before vowels <TD><center>Feminine Genitive singular before vowels <TD><center>nam<TD><center>Plural Genitive before <i>b, f, m, p <TD><center>nan<TD><center>Plural Genitive before other sounds
Form location
a'L Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
Feminine Dative Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
Masculine Dative Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
Masculine Genitive Singular before "b, c, g, m, p"
am Masculine Nom/Acc Singular before "f, b, m, p"
an Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before vowels and d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
Feminine Dative Singular before vowels and d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
Masculine Dative Singular before vowels and d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
Masculine Genitive Singular before vowels and d, n, t, l, r, sg, sp, st, sm
Masculine Nom/Acc Singular before anything except vowels and "b, f, m, p"
anL Feminine Nom/Acc Singular before f
Masculine Dative Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
Masculine Genitive Singular before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
Masculine Nom/Acc Singular before vowels
na Nom/Acc plural before consonants
Dative plural before consonants
Feminine Genitive singular before consonants


Description 3: An Abstract Analysis

The following description is based on the insightful description found at [[1]]. The symbols in the next chart are abstract! You need to translate them using the guides that follow.

""
singularplural
MasculineFeminine
Nom/acc
W</sup>
<center>X<center>Y
Dative<center>X
Genitive<center>X<center>Y<center>Z

</TABLE>""

Each of these abstract forms is realized the following ways, predictable from the phonology:

W

""
FormContext
an t-
<center>before vowel
<center>am<center>before b, f, m, p
<center>an<center>elsewhere

</TABLE>""

X

""
FormContext
a'L
<center>before , b, c, g, m, p
<center>anL<center>before <i>f
<center>an t-<center>before <i>sV, sl, sn, sr
<center>an<center>elsewhere

</TABLE>""

Y

""
FormContext
na
<center>before consonants
<center>na h-<center>before vowels

</TABLE>""

Z

Form Context
nam before "b, f, m, p"
nan elsewhere


External Links


References

Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. Lincom-Europa.

Retrieved from "https://gaelicgrammar.org/~gaelic/mediawiki/index.php?title=Articles&oldid=313"