Difference between revisions of "Boergstrom, Really Old, like 1950s old"

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(Created page with 'Mutation: NOUNS • Lenition of initial consonants: cat- dà chat • Prefixation of a nasal consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/ • Palatalization of final cons…')
 
 
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Mutation:
 
Mutation:
  
NOUNS
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NOUNS
Lenition of initial consonants: cat- dà chat
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*'''Lenition''' of initial consonants: cat- dà chat
Prefixation of a nasal consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/
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*Prefixation of a '''nasal''' consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/
Palatalization of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn.  
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*'''Palatalization''' of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn.  
  
 
VERBS
 
VERBS
Palatalization of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’
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*'''Palatalization''' of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’
Lentition (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses
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*'''Lentition''' (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses
  
 
Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns:
 
Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns:
Nominative – independent  
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*'''Nominative – independent'''
o Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question
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**Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question
o In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second
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**In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second
Genitive – relative
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*'''Genitive – relative'''
o The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent
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**The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent
A noun
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***A noun
Biadh a’ choin
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****Biadh a’ choin
The dog’s food
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****The dog’s food
A verbal noun governs its object in the genitive
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***A verbal noun governs its object in the genitive
Thà a’ bhò ‘g ithe an fheòir
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****Thà a’ bhò ‘g ithe an fheòir
The cow is eating the grass
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****The cow is eating the grass
A compound preposition:  
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***A compound preposition:  
air son, an aghaidh
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****air son, an aghaidh
Sometimes a simple preposition
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***Sometimes a simple preposition
fad, bharr
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****fad, bharr
The adjective làn  
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***The adjective làn  
Làn fala
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****Làn fala
Full of blood
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****Full of blood
Also, two nouns in genitive case maybe coordinated without repetition of the antecedent
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***Also, two nouns in genitive case maybe coordinated without repetition of the antecedent
o The relative verb is always governed by some antecedent
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**The relative verb is always governed by some antecedent
a noun
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***a noun
Baidh a dh’itheas an cù
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****Baidh a dh’itheas an cù
food that the dog will eat
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****food that the dog will eat
Certain conjunctions  
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***Certain conjunctions  
'nuair, mà, mar, agus
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****'nuair, mà, mar, agus
Interrogatives
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***Interrogatives
Cò thuigeas sin?
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****Cò thuigeas sin?
Who can understand that?
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****Who can understand that?
Topicalized(?)/left dislocated(?) words
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***Topicalized(?)/left dislocated(?) words
‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e
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****‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e
‘it is tomorrow he will return’
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****‘it is tomorrow he will return’
Dative – dependent  
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*'''Dative – dependent'''
o A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition
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**A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition
Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative
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***Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative
Unlike in the above cases, when dative nouns are coordinated, there must be a preposition before each one.  
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***Unlike in the above cases, when dative nouns are coordinated, there must be a preposition before each one.  
o A verb in the dependent case is always governed by a proclitic particle
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**A verb in the dependent case is always governed by a proclitic particle
as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance
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***as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance
  
INTERIM SUMMARY
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'''INTERIM SUMMARY'''
o Nom/indep forms do not presuppose any antecedents
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*'''Nom/indep''' forms do not presuppose any antecedents
o Gen/rel forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases
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*'''Gen/rel''' forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases
o Dat/dep forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs.
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*'''Dat/dep''' forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs.
  
Where the parallelism breaks down
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'''Where the parallelism breaks down'''
NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts
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*NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts
o After verbal nouns
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**After verbal nouns
‘g ithe feur
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***‘g ithe feur
o Before another noun in GEN
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**Before another noun in GEN
Air cas a’ ghille
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***Air cas a’ ghille
o After the prepositions gun and eadar
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**After the prepositions gun and eadar
The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent
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*The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent
  
Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points):
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'''Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points):'''
  
Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial
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*Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial
o Munster Irish diverges
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**Munster Irish diverges
Root morphemes are with few exceptions, word initial
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*Root morphemes are with few exceptions, word initial
Gaelic may be a “mildly synthetic” language
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*Gaelic may be a “mildly synthetic” language

Latest revision as of 11:27, 16 January 2013

Mutation:

NOUNS

  • Lenition of initial consonants: cat- dà chat
  • Prefixation of a nasal consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/
  • Palatalization of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn.

VERBS

  • Palatalization of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’
  • Lentition (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses

Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns:

  • Nominative – independent
    • Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question
    • In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second
  • Genitive – relative
    • The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent
      • A noun
        • Biadh a’ choin
        • The dog’s food
      • A verbal noun governs its object in the genitive
        • Thà a’ bhò ‘g ithe an fheòir
        • The cow is eating the grass
      • A compound preposition:
        • air son, an aghaidh
      • Sometimes a simple preposition
        • fad, bharr
      • The adjective làn
        • Làn fala
        • Full of blood
      • Also, two nouns in genitive case maybe coordinated without repetition of the antecedent
    • The relative verb is always governed by some antecedent
      • a noun
        • Baidh a dh’itheas an cù
        • food that the dog will eat
      • Certain conjunctions
        • 'nuair, mà, mar, agus
      • Interrogatives
        • Cò thuigeas sin?
        • Who can understand that?
      • Topicalized(?)/left dislocated(?) words
        • ‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e
        • ‘it is tomorrow he will return’
  • Dative – dependent
    • A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition
      • Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative
      • Unlike in the above cases, when dative nouns are coordinated, there must be a preposition before each one.
    • A verb in the dependent case is always governed by a proclitic particle
      • as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance

INTERIM SUMMARY

  • Nom/indep forms do not presuppose any antecedents
  • Gen/rel forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases
  • Dat/dep forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs.

Where the parallelism breaks down

  • NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts
    • After verbal nouns
      • ‘g ithe feur
    • Before another noun in GEN
      • Air cas a’ ghille
    • After the prepositions gun and eadar
  • The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent

Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points):

  • Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial
    • Munster Irish diverges
  • Root morphemes are with few exceptions, word initial
  • Gaelic may be a “mildly synthetic” language