Difference between revisions of "Boergstrom, Really Old, like 1950s old"
From Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki
(Created page with 'Mutation: NOUNS • Lenition of initial consonants: cat- dà chat • Prefixation of a nasal consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/ • Palatalization of final cons…') |
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Mutation: | Mutation: | ||
− | + | NOUNS | |
− | + | *'''Lenition''' of initial consonants: cat- dà chat | |
− | + | *Prefixation of a '''nasal''' consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/ | |
− | + | *'''Palatalization''' of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn. | |
VERBS | VERBS | ||
− | + | *'''Palatalization''' of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’ | |
− | + | *'''Lentition''' (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses | |
Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns: | Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns: | ||
− | + | *'''Nominative – independent''' | |
− | + | **Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question | |
− | + | **In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second | |
− | + | *'''Genitive – relative''' | |
− | + | **The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent | |
− | + | ***A noun | |
− | + | ****Biadh a’ choin | |
− | The dog’s food | + | ****The dog’s food |
− | + | ***A verbal noun governs its object in the genitive | |
− | + | ****Thà a’ bhò ‘g ithe an fheòir | |
− | The cow is eating the grass | + | ****The cow is eating the grass |
− | + | ***A compound preposition: | |
− | + | ****air son, an aghaidh | |
− | + | ***Sometimes a simple preposition | |
− | + | ****fad, bharr | |
− | + | ***The adjective làn | |
− | + | ****Làn fala | |
− | + | ****Full of blood | |
− | + | ***Also, two nouns in genitive case maybe coordinated without repetition of the antecedent | |
− | + | **The relative verb is always governed by some antecedent | |
− | + | ***a noun | |
− | + | ****Baidh a dh’itheas an cù | |
− | food that the dog will eat | + | ****food that the dog will eat |
− | + | ***Certain conjunctions | |
− | + | ****'nuair, mà, mar, agus | |
− | + | ***Interrogatives | |
− | + | ****Cò thuigeas sin? | |
− | + | ****Who can understand that? | |
− | + | ***Topicalized(?)/left dislocated(?) words | |
− | + | ****‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e | |
− | + | ****‘it is tomorrow he will return’ | |
− | + | *'''Dative – dependent''' | |
− | + | **A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition | |
− | + | ***Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative | |
− | + | ***Unlike in the above cases, when dative nouns are coordinated, there must be a preposition before each one. | |
− | + | **A verb in the dependent case is always governed by a proclitic particle | |
− | + | ***as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance | |
− | + | '''INTERIM SUMMARY''' | |
− | + | *'''Nom/indep''' forms do not presuppose any antecedents | |
− | + | *'''Gen/rel''' forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases | |
− | + | *'''Dat/dep''' forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs. | |
− | Where the parallelism breaks down | + | '''Where the parallelism breaks down''' |
− | + | *NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts | |
− | + | **After verbal nouns | |
− | + | ***‘g ithe feur | |
− | + | **Before another noun in GEN | |
− | + | ***Air cas a’ ghille | |
− | + | **After the prepositions gun and eadar | |
− | + | *The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent | |
− | Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points): | + | '''Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points):''' |
− | + | *Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial | |
− | + | **Munster Irish diverges | |
− | + | *Root morphemes are with few exceptions, word initial | |
− | + | *Gaelic may be a “mildly synthetic” language |
Latest revision as of 11:27, 16 January 2013
Mutation:
NOUNS
- Lenition of initial consonants: cat- dà chat
- Prefixation of a nasal consonant: cat- an cat; phonemically: /(ə) Nkahd/
- Palatalization of final consonants on root morphemes: an cat – a’ chait, na cait; this is often accompanied by, or even replaced by, vocalic mutation: an ceann- na cinn.
VERBS
- Palatalization of final consonants occurs, but is ‘relatively unimportant’
- Lentition (a & a dh’) is productive in characterizing the relative mode of all tenses
Borgstroem makes the claim that the syntax of the modes of verbs parallels that of the cases of nouns:
- Nominative – independent
- Can be used without a sentence, ie. as an answer to a question
- In the sentence the verb comes first and the nom second
- Genitive – relative
- The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent
- A noun
- Biadh a’ choin
- The dog’s food
- A verbal noun governs its object in the genitive
- Thà a’ bhò ‘g ithe an fheòir
- The cow is eating the grass
- A compound preposition:
- air son, an aghaidh
- Sometimes a simple preposition
- fad, bharr
- The adjective làn
- Làn fala
- Full of blood
- Also, two nouns in genitive case maybe coordinated without repetition of the antecedent
- A noun
- The relative verb is always governed by some antecedent
- a noun
- Baidh a dh’itheas an cù
- food that the dog will eat
- Certain conjunctions
- 'nuair, mà, mar, agus
- Interrogatives
- Cò thuigeas sin?
- Who can understand that?
- Topicalized(?)/left dislocated(?) words
- ‘s ann am maireach a thilleas e
- ‘it is tomorrow he will return’
- a noun
- The genitive noun is always governed by some antecedent
- Dative – dependent
- A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition
- Of the 15 prepositions that can be conjugated, all except chun and eadar govern a noun in the dative
- Unlike in the above cases, when dative nouns are coordinated, there must be a preposition before each one.
- A verb in the dependent case is always governed by a proclitic particle
- as in the dative noun case, when dependent verbs are coordinated, the particle must be repeated in each instance
- A noun in the dative is always governed by a preposition
INTERIM SUMMARY
- Nom/indep forms do not presuppose any antecedents
- Gen/rel forms presuppose antecedents which are often nouns or have a certain affinity to nouns; the antecedent need not be repeated in coordinated phrases
- Dat/dep forms presuppose immediately preceding antecedents which are not nouns, adjectives, or verbs.
Where the parallelism breaks down
- NOM nouns can fill-in for other forms in certain contexts
- After verbal nouns
- ‘g ithe feur
- Before another noun in GEN
- Air cas a’ ghille
- After the prepositions gun and eadar
- After verbal nouns
- The independent form of the verb, however, never occurs after a governing antecedent
Discussion of morpheme boundaries (Key Points):
- Stressed syllables are with few exceptions, word initial
- Munster Irish diverges
- Root morphemes are with few exceptions, word initial
- Gaelic may be a “mildly synthetic” language