Difference between revisions of "Demonstratives"
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| − | Demonstratives in Gaelic can | + | Demonstratives in Gaelic can occur in Pronomial, Adjectival, and Adverbial forms. |
| − | + | An interesting feature of Demonstratives in Gaelic, is that they can be used to indicate spatial as well as temporal distance. | |
| − | + | Furthermore, they can occur in both a transitive and intransitive forms.Tense? Distribution? | |
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| + | == Spatial and Temporal Distance == | ||
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| + | Scottish Gaelic marks demonstratives in reference to distance from the speaker in three degrees: | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; cellpadding="3" | ||
| + | ! rowspan=1 | | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |align="left"|''(i) proximate - 'here''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |align="left"|''(ii) distal - 'there''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |align="left"|''(iii) far distal - 'yonder''' | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Demonstratives can be used to indicate distance in an abstract, temporal manner. When the 2nd degree 'sin' is used in reference to come temporal concept ("an latha sin" 'that day') it is meant to indicate that there is some day in the future that is being discussed, and that the day is specific. Whereas if the speaker uses the 3rd degree 'ud' in reference to a day in the future ("an latha ud" 'some day (in the future)') it is meant that the day is hypothetical. | ||
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| + | Furthermore, the Far Distal demonstrative adjective (ud) is used to describe a noun which refers to an entity which is out of sight for both the speaker and the listener. The 2nd degree demonstrative adjective (sin), on the other hand, marks the noun in question as being something far away but within sight. | ||
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| + | == Demonstrative Adverbs of Movement and Location == | ||
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| + | Examples and Definition needed! | ||
== Transitivity == | == Transitivity == | ||
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== Tense == | == Tense == | ||
| + | |||
| + | Examples and Definition needed | ||
== Distribution == | == Distribution == | ||
| + | |||
| + | Distribution rules needed! | ||
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| + | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; cellpadding="3" | ||
| + | ! rowspan=1 | | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |align="left"|'''proximant''' - modify a noun and succeed it in the sentence(?) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |align="left"|'''distal''' - take the place of a determiner phrase(?) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |align="left"|'''far distal''' - mark a difference between adverbs of location (I am ''here'') versus adverbs of motion (I went ''here'')(?) | ||
| + | |} | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 21:46, 4 September 2012
Demonstratives in Gaelic can occur in Pronomial, Adjectival, and Adverbial forms. An interesting feature of Demonstratives in Gaelic, is that they can be used to indicate spatial as well as temporal distance. Furthermore, they can occur in both a transitive and intransitive forms.Tense? Distribution?
| Pronoun | Adj | ADVmovement | ADVlocation | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximate | seo | seo | an-seo | an-sheo | this |
| Distal | sin | sin | an-sin | an-shin | that |
| Far Distal | siud | ud | an-siud | an-shiud | yonder |
Contents
Spatial and Temporal Distance
Scottish Gaelic marks demonstratives in reference to distance from the speaker in three degrees:
| (i) proximate - 'here' |
| (ii) distal - 'there' |
| (iii) far distal - 'yonder' |
Demonstratives can be used to indicate distance in an abstract, temporal manner. When the 2nd degree 'sin' is used in reference to come temporal concept ("an latha sin" 'that day') it is meant to indicate that there is some day in the future that is being discussed, and that the day is specific. Whereas if the speaker uses the 3rd degree 'ud' in reference to a day in the future ("an latha ud" 'some day (in the future)') it is meant that the day is hypothetical.
Furthermore, the Far Distal demonstrative adjective (ud) is used to describe a noun which refers to an entity which is out of sight for both the speaker and the listener. The 2nd degree demonstrative adjective (sin), on the other hand, marks the noun in question as being something far away but within sight.
Demonstrative Adverbs of Movement and Location
Examples and Definition needed!
Transitivity
Demonstratives in Gaelic, just like those found in other languages, can be used in two different ways: transitively or intransitively. Intransitive demonstratives are used on their own without any other elements such as in example (1). Transitive demonstratives, on the other hand, are always collocated with a noun as demonstrated in example (2).
1) this is mine
2) this book is mine
Transitive demonstratives in Gaelic are created by combining an article, a noun, and a demonstrative particle, in that order. There are three demonstrative particles: seo proximate (this), sin distal (that), siud or 'ud or siud far distal (yonder).
3)
an cù seo the dog this 'this dog'
4)
an cù sin the dog that 'that dog'
5)
an cù 'ud/siud the dog yonder 'yonder dog'
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the adjective comes before the demonstrative particle:
6)
an cù mòr seo the dog big this 'this big dog'
Intransitive demonstratives in Gaelic do not need any other elements such as an article and a noun.
7)
Thoir dhomh seo give to.me this 'Give me this'
8)
Thoir dhomh sin give to.me that 'Give me that'
Tense
Examples and Definition needed
Distribution
Distribution rules needed!
| proximant - modify a noun and succeed it in the sentence(?) |
| distal - take the place of a determiner phrase(?) |
| far distal - mark a difference between adverbs of location (I am here) versus adverbs of motion (I went here)(?) |
