Difference between revisions of "Lenition"

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(Phonological Changes: Added fricatives.)
(Phonological Changes: Added sonorants.)
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|  [tʲʰ]
 
|  [tʲʰ]
 
|  [h]
 
|  [h]
|  '''''t'''eachdaire'' <br> ['''tʲʰ'''ɛxg̊ɪrʲə]  <br> 'a messenger'
+
|  '''''t'''eachdaire'' <br> ['''tʲʰ'''ɛxg̊ɪɾʲə]  <br> 'a messenger'
|  ''a '''th'''eachdaire'' <br> [ə '''h'''ɛxg̊ɪrʲə]  <br> 'messenger (voc.)'  
+
|  ''a '''th'''eachdaire'' <br> [ə '''h'''ɛxg̊ɪɾʲə]  <br> 'messenger (voc.)'  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  [d̪̊]
 
|  [d̪̊]
Line 47: Line 47:
 
|  [d̊ʲ]
 
|  [d̊ʲ]
 
|  [ʝ]
 
|  [ʝ]
|  '''''Di'''ùrachh'' <br> ['''d̊ʲ'''uːrax] <br> 'a Jura-man'
+
|  '''''Di'''ùrachh'' <br> ['''d̊ʲ'''uːɾax] <br> 'a Jura-man'
|  ''a '''Dh'''iùraich'' <br> [ə '''ʝ'''uːrɪç]  <br> 'Jura-man (voc.)'  
+
|  ''a '''Dh'''iùraich'' <br> [ə '''ʝ'''uːɾɪç]  <br> 'Jura-man (voc.)'  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  [kʰ]
 
|  [kʰ]
Line 82: Line 82:
 
|  [f]
 
|  [f]
 
|  null
 
|  null
|  '''''F'''rangach'' <br> ['''f'''raŋgax] <br> 'a Frenchman'
+
|  '''''F'''rangach'' <br> ['''f'''ɾaŋgax] <br> 'a Frenchman'
|  ''a '''Fh'''rangaich'' <br> [ə raŋgɪç] <br> 'Frenchman (voc.)'
+
|  ''a '''Fh'''rangaich'' <br> [ə ɾaŋgɪç] <br> 'Frenchman (voc.)'
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  [s̪]
 
|  [s̪]
 
|  [h]
 
|  [h]
|  '''''s'''uipear'' <br> ['''s̪'''upər] <br> 'supper'
+
|  '''''s'''uipear'' <br> ['''s̪'''uʰpəɾ] <br> 'supper'
|  ''do '''sh'''uipear'' <br> [d̪ə '''h'''upər] <br> 'your (sg.) supper'  
+
|  ''do '''sh'''uipear'' <br> [d̪ə '''h'''uʰpəɾ] <br> 'your (sg.) supper'  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  [ʃ]
 
|  [ʃ]
 
|  [h]
 
|  [h]
|  '''''s'''eòladair'' <br> ['''ʃ'''ɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪrʲ]  <br> 'a sailor'
+
|  '''''s'''eòladair'' <br> ['''ʃ'''ɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ]  <br> 'a sailor'
|  ''a '''sh'''eòladair'' <br> [ə '''h'''ɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪrʲ]  <br> 'sailor (voc.)'
+
|  ''a '''sh'''eòladair'' <br> [ə '''h'''ɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ]  <br> 'sailor (voc.)'
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Sonorants===
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
!  Radical
 +
!  Lenited
 +
!  Example (radical)
 +
!  Example (lenited)
 +
|-
 +
|  [m]
 +
|  [ṽ]
 +
|  '''''m'''ath'' <br> ['''m'''a] <br> 'good (masc.)'
 +
|  '''''mh'''ath'' <br> ['''ṽ'''a] <br> 'good (fem.)'
 +
|-
 +
|  [n̪ˠ]
 +
|  [n]
 +
|  '''''n'''asg'' <br> ['''n̪ˠ'''asg̊] <br> 'a link'
 +
|  ''a '''n'''asg'' <br> [ə '''n'''asg̊] <br> 'his link'
 +
|-
 +
|  [ɲ]
 +
|  [n]
 +
|  '''''n'''ighean'' <br> ['''ɲ'''iː.an] <br> 'a daughter'
 +
|  ''a '''n'''ighean'' <br> [ə '''n'''iː.an] <br> 'his daughter'
 +
|-
 +
|  [ɫ̪]
 +
|  [l]
 +
|  '''''l'''atha'' <br> ['''ɫ̪'''a.a] <br> 'a day'
 +
|  ''a '''l'''atha'' <br> [ə '''l'''a.a] <br> 'day (voc.)'
 +
|-
 +
|  [ʎ]
 +
|  [l]
 +
|  '''''l'''eabhar'' <br> ['''ʎ'''ɔːɾ] <br> 'a book'
 +
|  ''a '''l'''eabhair'' <br> [ə '''l'''ɔːɾʲ] <br> 'book (voc.)'
 +
|-
 +
|  [rˠ]
 +
|  [r]
 +
|  '''''r'''uith'' <br> ['''rˠ'''uç] <br> 'run (imperative)'
 +
|  '''''r'''uith'' <br> ['''ɾ'''uç] <br> 'ran'  
 
|}
 
|}
  

Revision as of 15:55, 21 September 2009

Lenition is an Initial Consonant Mutation which "softens" the sound of the first consonant in a word. It is used to mark certain morphological contrasts and to mark |inflection. It also inaccurately known as aspiration (which is the term used for a phonological phenomenon involving a burst of air). we will use the more correct term here.

Basic phenomenon

Orthographic Changes

For most letters, lenition is indicated by putting an <h> after the first consonant in the word. For example, when the word caora "sheep" follows the feminine article a' , it is lenited and is written a' chaora.

The consonants written l,n,r which are subject to lenition phonologically (see below) show no orthographic change.

Phonological Changes

Stops

Radical Lenited Example (radical) Example (lenited)
[pʰ] [f] paileat
[aiʎəʰt̪]
'a pilot'
aig a' phaileat
[ɛgʲ ə faiʎəʰt̪]
'at the pilot'
[b̊] [v] bodach
[ɔd̪̊ax]
'an old man'
a bhodaich
vɔd̪̊ɪç]
'old man (voc.)'
[t̪ʰ] [h] tuathanach
[t̪ʰuəhənax]
'a farmer'
a thuathanaich
huəhənɪç]
'farmer (voc.)'
[tʲʰ] [h] teachdaire
[tʲʰɛxg̊ɪɾʲə]
'a messenger'
a theachdaire
hɛxg̊ɪɾʲə]
'messenger (voc.)'
[d̪̊] [ɣ] duine
[d̪̊uɲə]
'a man'
a dhuine
ɣuɲə]
'man (voc.)'
[d̊ʲ] [ʝ] Diùrachh
[d̊ʲuːɾax]
'a Jura-man'
a Dhiùraich
ʝuːɾɪç]
'Jura-man (voc.)'
[kʰ] [x] cailleach
[aʎax]
'an old woman'
aig a' chailleach
[ɛg̊ʲ ə xaʎax]
'at the old woman'
[kʲʰ] [ç] ceannaiche
[kʲʰan̪ˠɪçə]
'a salesman'
a cheannaiche
çan̪ˠɪçə]
'salesman (voc.)'
[g̊] [ɣ] gobha
[o.ə]
'a smith'
a ghobha
ɣo.ə]
'smith (voc.)'
[g̊ʲ] [ʝ] gille
[g̊ʲiʎə]
boy'
a ghille
ʝiʎə]
'boy (voc.)'

Fricatives

Radical Lenited Example (radical) Example (lenited)
[f] null Frangach
[fɾaŋgax]
'a Frenchman'
a Fhrangaich
[ə ɾaŋgɪç]
'Frenchman (voc.)'
[s̪] [h] suipear
[uʰpəɾ]
'supper'
do shuipear
[d̪ə huʰpəɾ]
'your (sg.) supper'
[ʃ] [h] seòladair
[ʃɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ]
'a sailor'
a sheòladair
hɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ]
'sailor (voc.)'

Sonorants

Radical Lenited Example (radical) Example (lenited)
[m] [ṽ] math
[ma]
'good (masc.)'
mhath
[a]
'good (fem.)'
[n̪ˠ] [n] nasg
[n̪ˠasg̊]
'a link'
a nasg
nasg̊]
'his link'
[ɲ] [n] nighean
[ɲiː.an]
'a daughter'
a nighean
niː.an]
'his daughter'
[ɫ̪] [l] latha
[ɫ̪a.a]
'a day'
a latha
la.a]
'day (voc.)'
[ʎ] [l] leabhar
[ʎɔːɾ]
'a book'
a leabhair
lɔːɾʲ]
'book (voc.)'
[rˠ] [r] ruith
[uç]
'run (imperative)'
ruith
[ɾuç]
'ran'

Initial <sp>, <st>, <sg>, and sometimes <sn> (depending upon the dialect) do not undergo lenition.

Lenition Triggers

  • certain articles:
  • intensifiers: glè, ro

See Also

External Links

References