Difference between revisions of "Prepositions"

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(Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns)
(Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns)
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<TR><TH>ri<TD><center>rim<sup>L</sup><TD><center>rid<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ri a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ri a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>ri ar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>ri ur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>rin
 
<TR><TH>ri<TD><center>rim<sup>L</sup><TD><center>rid<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ri a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ri a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>ri ar<sup>N</sup><TD><center>ri ur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>rin
 
<TR><TH>ro (roimh)<TD><center>rom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>rod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ro a<sup>L</sup> <TD><center>ro a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>ror<sup>N</sup><TD><center>rur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>ron
 
<TR><TH>ro (roimh)<TD><center>rom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>rod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>ro a<sup>L</sup> <TD><center>ro a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>ror<sup>N</sup><TD><center>rur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>ron
<TR><TH>tro (troimh)<TD><center>trom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>trod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>tro a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>tro a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>tror<sup>N</sup><TD><center>trur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>tron</TR></TABLE>
+
<TR><TH>tro (troimh)<TD><center>trom<sup>L</sup><TD><center>trod<sup>L</sup><TD><center>tro a<sup>L</sup><TD><center>tro a<sup>H</sup><TD><center>tror<sup>N</sup><TD><center>trur<sup>N</sup><TD><center>tron
 +
|}
 
*Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with <b>, <m>, <f> and <p>
 
*Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with <b>, <m>, <f> and <p>
 
*Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. air mo"
 
*Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. air mo"

Revision as of 18:24, 18 April 2009

For a definition of preposition see the page Preposition (definition)

Gaelic has both simple prepositions and complex ones. In this article you'll find first a list of all the prepositions, then at the bottom you'll find some useful charts about how prepositions inflect for person and number.

List of Gaelic Simple Prepositions


List of Gaelic Complex and Compound Prepositions

(List taken from Mark 2004:686 and Lamb 2003:49)

  • a chum 'for the purpose of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • a dh'ionnsaigh 'towards' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • a rèir 'according to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • a thaobh 'regarding' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitivecase)
  • air cùlaibh 'behind' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • air feadh 'amongst' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • air muin 'on top of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • air sgàth 'for the sake of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • air son/airson 'for'/'because' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • air tòir ' in pursuit of (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • am fianais 'in the presence of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • am measg 'among' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • an aghaidh 'against' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • an àite 'in place of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • an ceann 'within' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • an coinneamh 'met with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • an coimeas ri 'compared to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • an dèidh 'after' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • an làthair 'in the presence of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • an taca ri 'next to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • às aonais 'without' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • às eugmhais 'without' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • às leth 'on behalf of' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • às dèidh 'after' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • barrachd air 'in addition to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • ceangailte ri 'tied to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the accusative case)
  • coltach ri 'similar to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the accusative case)
  • còmhla ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • cuide ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • fa chomhair 'opposite' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • faisg air 'close to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • goirid air 'close to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • làmh ri 'next to', 'compared to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • maille ri 'along with' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • mu chomhair 'opposite' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • mu dheidhinn 'concerning' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • mu thimcheall 'regarding' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • mun cuairt 'around' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitivecase)
  • mun cuairt air 'around" (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • os cionn 'above' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the genitive case)
  • gu ruige 'as far as, up to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the accusative case)
  • seachad air 'past' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • suas ri 'up to' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)
  • thairis air 'across' (followed by a noun or noun phrase in the dative case)

List of Gaelic Adverbial Particles (intransitive prepositions)

  • a-bhàn 'down', 'downwards'
  • a-nìos 'up', 'upwards'

The Inflection of Simple Gaelic Prepositions

One rare property of Gaelic prepositions is that they inflect for person, number and gender when they take a pronoun as an object. In English you use two words: the preposition and the pronoun "to me", in Gaelic this is all bundled into one word "dhomh". Inflected prepositions never take a full object pronoun. So "*dhomh mi" is not well-formed. In addition many of the prepositions take special forms when coming before an article. For example, to say "from the", we use the form "bhon" (although bhon an is also possible). Similarly the preposition le becomes leis before the article. These two kinds of inflection are summarized in the first chart below. Much rarer (but frequently used in certain aspectual constructions) are forms of the preposition that inflect for a possessive pronoun. For example, to say "at my" we don't say "aig mo", instead " 'gam " is used. The inflection of the prepositions for possessive pronouns is given in the second chart.

Inflected Prepositions with object pronouns

singular plural
1 2 3 masc 3 fem 1 2 3
aig aig an agam agad aige aice againn agaibh aca
air air an orm ort air oirre oirnn oirbh orra
ann anns an annam annad ann innte annainn annaibh annta
à às an asam asad às aisde asainn asaibh asda
bho bhon bhuam bhuat bhuaithe bhuaipe bhuainn bhuaibh bhuapa
de (dhe) dhen dhiom dhiot dheth dhith dhinn dhibh dhiubh
do don dhomh dhut dha dhi dhuinn dhuibh dhiabh
fo fon fodham fodhad fodha foidhpe fodhainn fodhaibh fodhpa
eadar eadar an -- -- -- -- eadarainn eadaraibh eatorra
chun chugam* chugad chuige chuice chugainn chugaibh chuca
gun no special inflected forms
le leis an leam leat leis leatha leinn leibh leotha/leò
mar no special inflected forms
mu mun umam umad uime uimpe umainn umaibh umpa
o on uam uat uaithe uaipe uainn uaibh uapa
no special inflected forms
ri ris an rium ruit ris rithe ruinn ruibh riutha
ro (roimh) ron romham romhad roimh(e) roimhpe romhainn romhaibh romhpa
thar thar an tharam tharad thairis thairte tharainn <tharaibh tharta
trìd no special inflected forms
tro (troimh) tron tromham tromhad troimhe troimhpe tromhainn tromhaibh tromhpa


  • Note the chugam, chugad etc. forms are rarely used anymore, nor is the definite form thun

Inflected Prepositions with possessive pronouns

The 1st person singular, 2nd person singular and 3rd person singular masculine forms here trigger lenition (indicated with a superscript ""L""). 1st and 2nd person plurals trigger the prefixation of n- onto words beginning with vowels (nasalization), This is indicated with a superscript ""N"". the pronunciation of the a consonant following these and the 3rd person plural is also frequently voiced or nasalized. Finally the 3rd person feminine forms prefix an <h> onto words beginning with a vowel. This is indicated with ""H"". The superscript N, H, and L are not usually written out in the orthography of Gaelic and are presented here merely to remind you what InitialConsonant Initial Consonant Mutation is being triggered.

Note: of the following only the possessive inflected forms of aig, ann, do and ri are in regular use. All the others quite rare or considered prescriptively inferior.

singularplural
123 masc3 fem123
aig
'gamL
<center>'gadL<center>'gaL<center>'gaH<center>'garN<center>'gurN<center>'gan
ann<center>'namL<center>'nadL<center>'naL<center>'naH<center>'narN<center>'nurN<center>'nan
bho<center>bhomL<center>bhodL<center>bho aL<center>bho aH<center>bhorN<center>bhuN<center>bhon
de (dhe)<center>dhemL<center>dhedL<center>dhe aL<center>dhe aH<center>dhe arN<center>dhe urN<center>dhen
do <center>domL/dhamL<center>dodL/dhadL<center>dhaL<center>dhaH<center>dor/dharN<center>dhurN<center>don/dhan
fo <center>fomL<center>fodL<center>fo aL<center>fo aH<center>forN<center>furN<center>fon
gu <center>gumL<center>gudL<center>gu aL<center>gu aH<center>garN<center>gurN<center>gun
le<center>lemL<center>led'L<center>le aL<center>le aH<center>lerN<center>lurN<center>len
mu<center>'mumL<center>'mudL<center>mu aL<center>mu aH<center>marN<center>murN<center>man
o<center>omL<center>odL<center>o aL<center>o aH<center>orN<center>urN<center>on
ri<center>rimL<center>ridL<center>ri aL<center>ri aH<center>ri arN<center>ri urN<center>rin
ro (roimh)<center>romL<center>rodL<center>ro aL <center>ro aH<center>rorN<center>rurN<center>ron
tro (troimh)<center>tromL<center>trodL<center>tro aL<center>tro aH<center>trorN<center>trurN<center>tron

|}

  • Note that the /n/ ending on the 3rd person plural will change to an <m> when the word precedes word beginning with , <m>, <f> and

  • Any preposition not in the list above simply combines the normal preposition with the normal possessive pronoun (e.g. air mo"

The Inflection of Complex Gaelic Prepositions

Complex Prepositions that end in a simple preposition such as //còmhla ri// are inflected just like the simple preposition. Complex prepositions that end in a noun (and govern the genitive case) such as //air muin// are inflected differently. They are inflected uses in the posspron possessive pronouns, so "on top of him" would be //air a mheasg//.


References

-Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge -Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa -Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.