Difference between revisions of "Lenition"
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| − | Lenition is an [[Initial Consonant Mutation]] which " | + | Lenition is an [[Initial Consonant Mutation]] which "weakens" (cf. Latin ''lenis'' 'weak') the sound of the [[Consonant (definition)|consonant]] at the beginning of a word. It is used to mark certain [[Morphology (definition)|morphological]] contrasts and to mark [[Inflection (definition)|inflection]]. It is also inaccurately known as [[aspiration]] (which is the term used for a phonological phenomenon involving a burst of air). We will use the more accurate term ''lenition'' here. |
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==Orthographic Changes== | ==Orthographic Changes== | ||
| − | For most letters, lenition is indicated by putting an <h> after the first consonant in the word. For example, when the word ''caora'' | + | For most letters, lenition is indicated by putting an <h> after the first consonant in the word. For example, when the word ''caora'' 'sheep' follows the [[Feminine (definition)|feminine]] [[Article|article]] '' a' '', it is lenited and is written '' a' chaora''. |
| − | The consonants written l,n,r | + | The consonants written <l, n, r>, when subject to lenition ([[Lenition#Sonorants|see below]]), show no orthographic change. |
==Phonological Changes== | ==Phonological Changes== | ||
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| ''a '''gh'''ille'' <br> [ə '''ʝ'''iʎə] <br> 'boy (voc.)' | | ''a '''gh'''ille'' <br> [ə '''ʝ'''iʎə] <br> 'boy (voc.)' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Fricatives=== | ===Fricatives=== | ||
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| ''a '''sh'''eòladair'' <br> [ə '''h'''ɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ] <br> 'sailor (voc.)' | | ''a '''sh'''eòladair'' <br> [ə '''h'''ɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ] <br> 'sailor (voc.)' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Sonorants=== | ===Sonorants=== | ||
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| '''''r'''uith'' <br> ['''ɾ'''uç] <br> 'ran' | | '''''r'''uith'' <br> ['''ɾ'''uç] <br> 'ran' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| + | ===Restrictions=== | ||
Initial <sp>, <st>, <sg>, and sometimes <sn> (depending upon the dialect) do not undergo lenition. | Initial <sp>, <st>, <sg>, and sometimes <sn> (depending upon the dialect) do not undergo lenition. | ||
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** triggered by past tense particles (''do''/null)/''(do) dh’'' | ** triggered by past tense particles (''do''/null)/''(do) dh’'' | ||
** triggered by the relative particle ''a'' | ** triggered by the relative particle ''a'' | ||
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* Lenition on nouns: | * Lenition on nouns: | ||
** triggered by some forms of the definite article ''an/a’'' | ** triggered by some forms of the definite article ''an/a’'' | ||
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** obligatory on right-hand member of some compounds | ** obligatory on right-hand member of some compounds | ||
** triggered by some derivational prefixes | ** triggered by some derivational prefixes | ||
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* Lenition on adjectives: | * Lenition on adjectives: | ||
** triggered by intensifiers ''glè'' ‘very’, ''ro'' ‘too’, and ''fior'' ‘truly’ | ** triggered by intensifiers ''glè'' ‘very’, ''ro'' ‘too’, and ''fior'' ‘truly’ | ||
Revision as of 15:31, 21 September 2009
Lenition is an Initial Consonant Mutation which "weakens" (cf. Latin lenis 'weak') the sound of the consonant at the beginning of a word. It is used to mark certain morphological contrasts and to mark inflection. It is also inaccurately known as aspiration (which is the term used for a phonological phenomenon involving a burst of air). We will use the more accurate term lenition here.
Contents
Orthographic Changes
For most letters, lenition is indicated by putting an <h> after the first consonant in the word. For example, when the word caora 'sheep' follows the feminine article a' , it is lenited and is written a' chaora.
The consonants written <l, n, r>, when subject to lenition (see below), show no orthographic change.
Phonological Changes
Stops
| Radical | Lenited | Example (radical) | Example (lenited) |
|---|---|---|---|
| [pʰ] | [f] | paileat [pʰaiʎəʰt̪] 'a pilot' |
aig a' phaileat [ɛg̊ʲ ə faiʎəʰt̪] 'at the pilot' |
| [b̊] | [v] | bodach [b̊ɔd̪̊ax] 'an old man' |
a bhodaich [ə vɔd̪̊ɪç] 'old man (voc.)' |
| [t̪ʰ] | [h] | tuathanach [t̪ʰuəhənax] 'a farmer' |
a thuathanaich [ə huəhənɪç] 'farmer (voc.)' |
| [tʲʰ] | [h] | teachdaire [tʲʰɛxg̊ɪɾʲə] 'a messenger' |
a theachdaire [ə hɛxg̊ɪɾʲə] 'messenger (voc.)' |
| [d̪̊] | [ɣ] | duine [d̪̊uɲə] 'a man' |
a dhuine [ə ɣuɲə] 'man (voc.)' |
| [d̊ʲ] | [ʝ] | Diùrachh [d̊ʲuːɾax] 'a Jura-man' |
a Dhiùraich [ə ʝuːɾɪç] 'Jura-man (voc.)' |
| [kʰ] | [x] | cailleach [kʰaʎax] 'an old woman' |
aig a' chailleach [ɛg̊ʲ ə xaʎax] 'at the old woman' |
| [kʲʰ] | [ç] | ceannaiche [kʲʰan̪ˠɪçə] 'a salesman' |
a cheannaiche [ə çan̪ˠɪçə] 'salesman (voc.)' |
| [g̊] | [ɣ] | gobha [g̊o.ə] 'a smith' |
a ghobha [ə ɣo.ə] 'smith (voc.)' |
| [g̊ʲ] | [ʝ] | gille [g̊ʲiʎə] boy' |
a ghille [ə ʝiʎə] 'boy (voc.)' |
Fricatives
| Radical | Lenited | Example (radical) | Example (lenited) |
|---|---|---|---|
| [f] | null | Frangach [fɾaŋgax] 'a Frenchman' |
a Fhrangaich [ə ɾaŋgɪç] 'Frenchman (voc.)' |
| [s̪] | [h] | suipear [s̪uʰpəɾ] 'supper' |
do shuipear [d̪̊ə huʰpəɾ] 'your (sg.) supper' |
| [ʃ] | [h] | seòladair [ʃɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ] 'a sailor' |
a sheòladair [ə hɔːɫ̪əd̪̊ɪɾʲ] 'sailor (voc.)' |
Sonorants
| Radical | Lenited | Example (radical) | Example (lenited) |
|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [ṽ] | math [ma] 'good (masc.)' |
mhath [ṽa] 'good (fem.)' |
| [n̪ˠ] | [n] | nasg [n̪ˠasg̊] 'a link' |
a nasg [ə nasg̊] 'his link' |
| [ɲ] | [n] | nighean [ɲiː.an] 'a daughter' |
a nighean [ə niː.an] 'his daughter' |
| [ɫ̪] | [l] | latha [ɫ̪a.a] 'a day' |
a latha [ə la.a] 'day (voc.)' |
| [ʎ] | [l] | leabhar [ʎɔːɾ] 'a book' |
a leabhair [ə lɔːɾʲ] 'book (voc.)' |
| [rˠ] | [r] | ruith [rˠuç] 'run (imperative)' |
ruith [ɾuç] 'ran' |
Restrictions
Initial <sp>, <st>, <sg>, and sometimes <sn> (depending upon the dialect) do not undergo lenition.
Lenition Triggers
Lenition is a pervasive feature of Gaelic morphology, and there is no simple way to characterise the environments in which lenition appears. Nevertheless, it is possible to list the diverse environments that trigger lenition. In the following list, the environments are sorted by the part of speech of the lenited word.
- Lenition on verbs:
- triggered by the negative particle cha(n)
- triggered by the negative interrogative/subordinating particle nach
- triggered by past tense particles (do/null)/(do) dh’
- triggered by the relative particle a
- Lenition on nouns:
- triggered by some forms of the definite article an/a’
- triggered by some possessive agreement markers
- triggered by some prepositions
- triggered by the numerals aon ‘one’ and dhà ‘two’
- realises some number/case inflection on nouns
- obligatory on right-hand member of some compounds
- triggered by some derivational prefixes
- Lenition on adjectives:
- triggered by intensifiers glè ‘very’, ro ‘too’, and fior ‘truly’
- realises gender/number/case inflection on adjectives
