Difference between revisions of "Thoir (irregular verb)"

From Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
(→‎Summary of forms)
(→‎Uses)
 
(16 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
The irregular verb ''Abair'' means "to give", "to take with", "to take from", depending upon which preposition it is used with. ''their'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic.
+
The irregular verb ''thoir'' means "to give", "to take with", "to take from", "to bring" depending upon which preposition it is used with. ''Thoir'' is one of 11 [[:Category:Irregular Verb|irregular verbs]] in Gaelic. Because many of the forms of thoir take forms based on the root ''bheir'', it is often mixed up with the verb [[Beir (irregular verb)|beir]] 'catch'. They're not the same verb at all!
  
 
==Uses==
 
==Uses==
  
 
*thug do "gave''
 
*thug do "gave''
−
*thug le ''take with''  thug mi leam an leabhar  I took the book with me. THe preposition is obligatory.
+
*thug le ''take with''/"bring" thug mi leam an leabhar  I took the book with me. The preposition is obligatory.
 
*thug bho "take from"
 
*thug bho "take from"
−
 
  
 
==Summary  of forms==
 
==Summary  of forms==
Line 51: Line 50:
 
|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
 
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
−
|<sup>1</sup>||colspan="2" rowspan="8"|---
+
|thoir<sup>1</sup>||colspan="2" rowspan="8"|---
 
|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!plural
 
!plural
−
|X<sup>1,3</sup>
+
|thoiribh<sup>1</sup>
 
|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
 
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
Line 62: Line 61:
 
*<sup>1</sup> these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
 
*<sup>1</sup> these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]])
 
*<sup>2</sup> takes tu rather than thu in the 2nd person.
 
*<sup>2</sup> takes tu rather than thu in the 2nd person.
−
*<sup>3</sup> don't confuse bheir with the verb Beir 'give birth'.
+
*<sup>3</sup> don't confuse bheir with the verb Beir 'catch'! They are not the same verb.
  
 
==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
 
==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)==
Line 96: Line 95:
 
====Present tense====
 
====Present tense====
  
−
As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning  ("I say something") or a progressive meaning (I am saying something) is intended,  the [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic construction]] is used with the present tense of the verb ''bi'' (be), i.e., ''tha'', along with the verbal noun.
+
As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning  ("I give something") or a progressive meaning (I am giving something) is intended,  the [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic construction]] is used with the present tense of the verb ''bi'' (be), i.e., ''tha'', along with the verbal noun.
  
 
:{|
 
:{|
−
|Tha||mi||ag ||ràdh
+
|Tha||mi||a'||toirt||an rud||do
 
|-
 
|-
−
|be.pres||1s||prog||say.vn
+
|be.pres||1s||prog||give.vn||the thing||to.3sm
 
|-
 
|-
−
|I'm saying/I say
+
|I'm giving the thing to him.
 
|}
 
|}
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 115: Line 114:
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1
 
! 1
−
|their mi ||an abair mi ||chan abair mi||nach abair mi||a their mi  
+
|Bheir mi ||an toir mi ||cha toir mi||nach toir mi||a bheir mi  
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2
 
!2
−
|their thu ||an abair thu ||chan abair thu||nach abair thu||a their thu
+
|Bheir thu ||an toir thu ||cha toir thu||nach toir thu||a bheir thu
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|their e||an abair e||chan abair e||nach abair e||a their e
+
|Bheir e||an toir e||cha toir e||nach toir e||a bheir e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|their i||an abair i||chan abair i||nach abair i ||a their i
+
|Bheir i||an toir i||cha toir i||nach toir i ||a bheir i
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1 pl
 
! 1 pl
−
|their sinn ||an abair sinn ||chan abair sinn||nach abair sinn||a their sinn
+
|Bheir sinn ||an toir sinn ||cha toir sinn||nach toir sinn||a bheir sinn
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2 pl
 
!2 pl
−
|their sibh ||an abair sibh ||chan abair sibh||nach abair sibh||a their sibh
+
|Bheir sibh ||an toir sibh ||cha toir sibh||nach toir sibh||a bheir sibh
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|their iad||an abair iad||chan abair iad||nach abair iad||a their iad
+
|Bheir iad||an toir iad||cha toir iad||nach toir iad||a bheir iad
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 144: Line 143:
 
===Impersonal/Passive Voice===
 
===Impersonal/Passive Voice===
  
−
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''thuirteadh''  can be best translated as "someone said".  When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "thuirteadh e" means "Someone said it".  This is often translated as "it was said", hence the typical "passive" label.  
+
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''thugadh''  can be best translated as "someone gave".  When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "thugadh e" means "Someone gave/took it".  This is often translated as "it was taken/given", hence the typical "passive" label.  
  
 
Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the thing that was said, not the sayer).
 
Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the thing that was said, not the sayer).
Line 154: Line 153:
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|thuirteadh e||an tuirteadh e||cha tuirteadh e||nach tuirteadh e
+
|thugadh e||an tugadh e||cha tugadh e||nach tugadh e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|thuirteadh i||an tuirteadh i||cha tuirteadh i||nach tuirteadh i  
+
|thugadh i||an tugadh i||cha tugadh i||nach tugadh i  
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|thuirteadh iad||an tuirteadh iad||cha tuirteadh iad||nach tuirteadh iad
+
|thugadh iad||an tugadh iad||cha tugadh iad||nach tugadh iad
 
|}
 
|}
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 175: Line 174:
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|theirear e||an abrar e||chan abrar e||nach abrar e||a theirear e
+
|bheirear e||an toirear e||cha toirear e||nach toirear e||a bheirear e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|theirear i||an abrar i||chan abrar i||nach abrar i ||a theirear i
+
|bheirear i||an toirear i||cha toirear i||nach toirear i ||a bheirear i
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|theirear iad||an abrar iad||chan abrar iad||nach abrar iad||a theirear iad
+
|bheirear iad||an toirear iad||cha toirear iad||nach toirear iad||a bheirear iad
 
|}
 
|}
 
Notes
 
Notes
Line 194: Line 193:
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1
 
! 1
−
| theirinn<sup>1</sup> ||an abrainn ||chan abrainn||nach abrainn
+
| bheirinn<sup>1</sup> ||an toirinn ||cha toirinn||nach toirinn
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2
 
!2
−
|theireadh tu<sup>2</sup>||an abradh tu ||chan abradh tu||nach abradh tu
+
|bheireadh tu<sup>2</sup>||an toireadh tu ||cha toireadh tu||nach toireadh tu
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|theireadh e||an abradh e||chan abradh e||nach abradh e
+
|bheireadh e||an toireadh e||cha toireadh e||nach toireadh e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|theireadh i||an abradh i||chan abradh i||nach abradh i  
+
|bheireadh i||an toireadh i||cha toireadh i||nach toireadh i  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1 pl
 
! 1 pl
−
|theireadh sinn (theireamaid<sup>3</sup>)||an abradh sinn (an abramaid<sup>3</sup>)||chan abradh sinn (chan abramaid<sup>3</sup>)||nach abradh sinn (nach abramaid<sup>3</sup>)
+
|bheireadh sinn (bheireamaid<sup>3</sup>)||an toireadh sinn (an toireamaid<sup>3</sup>)||cha toireadh sinn (chan toireamaid<sup>3</sup>)||nach toireamaid sinn (nach toireamaid<sup>3</sup>)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2 pl
 
!2 pl
−
|theireadh sibh ||an abradh sibh ||chan abradh sibh||nach abradh sibh
+
|bheireadh sibh ||an toireadh sibh ||cha toireadh sibh||nach toireadh sibh
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|theireadh iad||an abradh iad||chan abradh iad||nach abradh iad
+
|bheireadh iad||an toireadh iad||cha toireadh iad||nach toireadh iad
 
|}
 
|}
 
Notes:
 
Notes:
Line 226: Line 225:
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|theirte e||an abairte e||chan abairte e||nach abairte e
+
|bheirte e||an toirte e||cha toirte e||nach toirte e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|theirte i||an abairte i||chan abairte i||nach abairte i  
+
|bheirte i||an toirte i||cha toirte i||nach toirte i  
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|theirte iad||an abairte iad||chan abairte iad||nach abairte iad
+
|bheirte iad||an toirte iad||cha toirte iad||nach toirte iad
 
|}
 
|}
 +
<br>
  
 
==Imperative Mood==
 
==Imperative Mood==
  
−
The imperative of ''abair'' is rarely used to mean "say!". Instead it often has the meaning of "What an X"  Abair an duine ''What a guy!".
+
*Singular: thoir!
−
 
+
*Plural/polite: thoiribh!
−
To express an imperative meaning ''say'', most speakers will use the regular verb ''can'' instead.
+
<br>
  
 
==[[References]]==
 
==[[References]]==

Latest revision as of 10:27, 1 August 2012

The irregular verb thoir means "to give", "to take with", "to take from", "to bring" depending upon which preposition it is used with. Thoir is one of 11 irregular verbs in Gaelic. Because many of the forms of thoir take forms based on the root bheir, it is often mixed up with the verb beir 'catch'. They're not the same verb at all!

Uses

  • thug do "gave
  • thug le take with/"bring" thug mi leam an leabhar I took the book with me. The preposition is obligatory.
  • thug bho "take from"

Summary of forms

  • Independent forms of the verb thoir are used without any particles.
  • Dependent forms of the verb thoir are used after an, nach, gun and other verbal particles.
  • Unlike regular verbs, the dependent past tense particle do is never used with thoir.


context independent Dependent
basic forms active past thug tug
Future bheir3 toir
Relative Future --- bheir
impersonal1 past thugadh tugadh
future bheirear toirear
relative future --- bheirear
Conditional Mood active bheireadh2
(bheirinn1 in 1st singular) 		toireadh2
(toirinn1 in 1st sing)
impersonal bheirte toirte
Imperative Mood 2nd person singular thoir1 ---
plural thoiribh1
verbal noun toirt

Notes:

  • 1 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)
  • 2 takes tu rather than thu in the 2nd person.
  • 3 don't confuse bheir with the verb Beir 'catch'! They are not the same verb.

Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)

Active Voice

Past tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question embedded
1 thug mi an tug mi cha tug mi nach tug mi gun tug mi
2 thug thu an tug thu cha tug thu nach tug thu gun tug thu
3 masc thug e an tug e cha tug e nach tug e gun tug e
3 fem thug i an tug i cha tug i nach tug i gun tug i
1 pl thug sinn an tug sinn cha tug sinn nach tug sinn gun tug sinn
2 pl thug sibh an tug sibh cha tug sibh nach tug sibh gun tug sibh
3 pl thug iad an tug iad cha tug iad nach tug iad gun tug iad


Present tense

As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I give something") or a progressive meaning (I am giving something) is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.

Tha mi a' toirt an rud do
be.pres 1s prog give.vn the thing to.3sm
I'm giving the thing to him.


Future tense

The future tense in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is habitual.

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question Relative Future1
1 Bheir mi an toir mi cha toir mi nach toir mi a bheir mi
2 Bheir thu an toir thu cha toir thu nach toir thu a bheir thu
3 masc Bheir e an toir e cha toir e nach toir e a bheir e
3 fem Bheir i an toir i cha toir i nach toir i a bheir i
1 pl Bheir sinn an toir sinn cha toir sinn nach toir sinn a bheir sinn
2 pl Bheir sibh an toir sibh cha toir sibh nach toir sibh a bheir sibh
3 pl Bheir iad an toir iad cha toir iad nach toir iad a bheir iad

Note:

  1. the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.


Impersonal/Passive Voice

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a Passive verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a periphrastic construction using the verbs Rach or Tha + the passive marker air. It does, however, have an impersonal form. The Impersonal is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. thugadh can be best translated as "someone gave". When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "thugadh e" means "Someone gave/took it". This is often translated as "it was taken/given", hence the typical "passive" label.

Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling Modern Irish), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the thing that was said, not the sayer).

Past tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
3 masc thugadh e an tugadh e cha tugadh e nach tugadh e
3 fem thugadh i an tugadh i cha tugadh i nach tugadh i
3 pl thugadh iad an tugadh iad cha tugadh iad nach tugadh iad


Present tense

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. We leave this blank here.


Future tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question Relative Future1
3 masc bheirear e an toirear e cha toirear e nach toirear e a bheirear e
3 fem bheirear i an toirear i cha toirear i nach toirear i a bheirear i
3 pl bheirear iad an toirear iad cha toirear iad nach toirear iad a bheirear iad

Notes

  1. the relative future is used after certain particles such as a the particle used with questions, or ma "if".


Conditional Mood

Active

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
1 bheirinn1 an toirinn cha toirinn nach toirinn
2 bheireadh tu2 an toireadh tu cha toireadh tu nach toireadh tu
3 masc bheireadh e an toireadh e cha toireadh e nach toireadh e
3 fem bheireadh i an toireadh i cha toireadh i nach toireadh i
1 pl bheireadh sinn (bheireamaid3) an toireadh sinn (an toireamaid3) cha toireadh sinn (chan toireamaid3) nach toireamaid sinn (nach toireamaid3)
2 pl bheireadh sibh an toireadh sibh cha toireadh sibh nach toireadh sibh
3 pl bheireadh iad an toireadh iad cha toireadh iad nach toireadh iad

Notes:

  1. The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
  2. The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
  3. The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.


passive

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
3 masc bheirte e an toirte e cha toirte e nach toirte e
3 fem bheirte i an toirte i cha toirte i nach toirte i
3 pl bheirte iad an toirte iad cha toirte iad nach toirte iad


Imperative Mood

  • Singular: thoir!
  • Plural/polite: thoiribh!


References

  • Black, Ronald (2006) Cothrom Ionnsachaidh Peebles: Self-published.
  • Byrne, Michel (2002) Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
  • Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
  • Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
  • Mark, Colin (2006), Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
  • Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
Retrieved from "https://gaelicgrammar.org/~gaelic/mediawiki/index.php?title=Thoir_(irregular_verb)&oldid=3806"