Difference between revisions of "Beir (irregular verb)"
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Revision as of 17:30, 1 August 2012
The irregular verb beir means "to catch" or "give birth". Beir is one of 11 irregular verbs in Gaelic.
Contents
Uses
- can mean "bear"
- Can mean give birth to
- Rug + air "catch"/catch up
The verb beir is easily confused with the future and conditional independent forms of the verb thoir (i.e. bheir e He will take). They look similar, so watch out for these easily confused forms.
Summary of forms
- Independent forms of the verb beir are used without any particles.
- Dependent forms of the verb heir are used after an, nach, gun and other verbal particles (except cha).
- Cha takes dependent forms but lenites the verb.
| context | independent | After Cha | Dependent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic forms | active | past1 | Rug | do rug | |
| Future | beiridh | bheir | beir | ||
| Relative Future1 | --- | bheireas1 | |||
| impersonal1 | past | rugadh | do rugadh | ||
| future | beirear | bheirear | beirear | ||
| relative future | ---|bheirear | ||||
| Conditional Mood | active | bheireadh1 (bheirinn2 in 1st singular) | beireadh1 (beirinn2 in 1st sing) | ||
| impersonal | chluinnte (chluinnist in Lewis) | cluinnte (cluinnist in Lewis) | |||
| Imperative Mood | 1st person | singular | cluinneam2 | --- | |
| plural | cluinneamaid2 | ||||
| 2nd person | singular | cluinn2 | |||
| plural | cluinnibh2 | ||||
| 3rd person | cluinneadh | ||||
| verbal noun | cluinntinn (sometimes cluinnteil) | ||||
Notes:
- 1 with the past tense, relative future and impersonal forms of this verb, the pronoun tu is used instead of thu
- 2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)
Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)
Active Voice
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | embedded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chuala mi | an cuala mi | cha chuala mi | nach cuala mi | gun cuala mi |
| 2 | chuala tu1 | an cuala tu | cha chuala tu | nach cuala tu | gun cuala tu |
| 3 masc | chuala e | an cuala e | cha chuala e | nach cuala e | gun cuala e |
| 3 fem | chuala i | an cuala i | cha chuala i | nach cuala i | gun cuala i |
| 1 pl | chuala sinn | an cuala sinn | cha chuala sinn | nach cuala sinn | gun cuala sinn |
| 2 pl | chuala sibh | an cuala sibh | cha chuala sibh | nach cuala sibh | gun cuala sibh |
| 3 pl | chuala iad | an cuala iad | cha chuala iad | nach cuala iad | gun cuala iAd |
- Irregularly, the 2nd person pronoun shows up as tu instead of thu in the past, impersonal, and relative future forms of this verb.
Present tense
As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I hear something") or a progressive meaning (I am hearing something is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.
Tha mi a' cluinntinn be.pres 1s prog hear.vn I'm hearing/I hear
Future tense
The future tense in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is habitual.
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cluinnidh mi | an cluinn mi | cha chluinn mi | nach cluinn mi | a chluinneas mi |
| 2 | cluinnidh thu | an cluinn thu | cha chluinn thu | nach cluinn thu | a chluinneas tu2 |
| 3 masc | cluinnidh e | an cluinn e | cha chluinn e | nach cluinn e | a chluinneas e |
| 3 fem | cluinnidh i | an cluinn i | cha chluinn i | nach cluinn i | a chluinneas i |
| 1 pl | cluinnidh sinn | an cluinn sinn | cha chluinn sinn | nach cluinn sinn | a chluinneas sinn |
| 2 pl | cluinnidh sibh | an cluinn sibh | cha chluinn sibh | nach cluinn sibh | a chluinneas sibh |
| 3 pl | cluinnidh iad | an cluinn iad | cha chluinn iad | nach cluinn iad | a chluinneas iad |
Note:
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.
- Note that in the relative future the pronoun tu is used in lieu of thu.
Impersonal/Passive Voice
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a Passive verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a periphrastic construction using the verbs Rach or Tha + the passive marker air. It does, however, have an impersonal form. The Impersonal is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. Chualas can be best translated as "someone heard". Use of a pronoun is completely optional. So "Chualas" is a completely well-formed sentence. When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "chualas mi" means "Someone heard me". This is often translated as "I was heard", hence the typical "passive" label.
Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling Modern Irish), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the person who was heard, not the hearer).
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chualas mi | an cualas mi | cha chualas mi | nach cualas mi |
| 2 | chualas tu1 | an cualas tu | cha chualas tu | nach cualas tu |
| 3 masc | chualas e | an cualas e | cha chualas e | nach cualas e |
| 3 fem | chualas i | an cualas i | cha chualas i | nach cualas i |
| 1 pl | chualas sinn | an cualas sinn | cha chualas sinn | nach cualas sinn |
| 2 pl | chualas sibh | an cualas sibh | cha chualas sibh | nach cualas sibh |
| 3 pl | chualas iad | an cualas iad | cha chualas iad | nach cualas iad |
Notes:
- The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
Present tense
The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. But if forced, one would use a passive periphrastic construction using the present tense of the verb bi followed by the derived subject followed by air and finally the verb in verbal noun form:
Tha mi air cluinntinn be.pres 1s passive hear.vn "I am heard"
Future tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cluinnear mi | an cluinnear mi | cha chluinnear mi | nach cluinnear mi | a chluinnear mi |
| 2 | cluinnear thu | an cluinnear thu | cha chluinnear thu | nach cluinnear thu | a chluinnear thu |
| 3 masc | cluinnear e | an cluinnear e | cha chluinnear e | nach cluinnear e | a chluinnear e |
| 3 fem | cluinnear i | an cluinnear i | cha chluinnear i | nach cluinnear i | a chluinnear i |
| 1 pl | cluinnear sinn | an cluinnear sinn | cha chluinnear sinn | nach cluinnear sinn | a chluinnear sinn |
| 2 | cluinnear sibh | an cluinnear sibh | cha chluinnear sibh | nach cluinnear sibh | a chluinnear sibh |
| 3 pl | cluinnear iad | an cluinnear iad | cha chluinnear iad | nach cluinnear iad | a chluinnear iad |
Notes
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as a the particle used with questions, or ma "if".
Conditional Mood
Active
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chluinninn1 | an cluinninn | cha chluinninn | nach cluinninn |
| 2 | chluinneadh tu2 | an cluinneadh tu | cha chluinneadh tu | nach cluinneadh tu |
| 3 masc | chluinneadh e | an cluinneadh e | cha chluinneadh e | nach cluinneadh e |
| 3 fem | chluinneadh i | an cluinneadh i | cha chluinneadh i | nach cluinneadh i |
| 1 pl | chluinneadh sinn (chluinneamaid3) | an cluinneadh sinn (an cluinneamaid3) | cha chluinneadh sinn (cha chluinneamaid3) | nach cluinneadh sinn (nach cluinneamaid3) |
| 2 pl | chluinneadh sibh | an cluinneadh sibh | cha chluinneadh sibh | nach cluinneadh sibh |
| 3 pl | chluinneadh iad | an cluinneadh iad | cha chluinneadh iad | nach cluinneadh iad |
Notes:
- The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
- The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
- The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
passive
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chluinnte mi | an cluinnte mi | cha chluinnte mi | nach cluinnte mi |
| 2 | chluinnte thu | an cluinnte thu | cha chluinnte thu | nach cluinnte thu |
| 3 masc | chluinnte e | an cluinnte e | cha chluinnte e | nach cluinnte e |
| 3 fem | chluinnte i | an cluinnte i | cha chluinnte i | nach cluinnte i |
| 1 pl | chluinnte sinn | an cluinnte sinn | cha chluinnte sinn | nach cluinnte sinn |
| 2 pl | chluinnte sibh | an cluinnte sibh | cha chluinnte sibh | nach cluinnte sibh |
| 3 pl | chluinnte iad | an cluinnte iad | cha chluinnte iad | nach cluinnte iad |
Imperative Mood
The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Hear!". 1st and 3rd person imperatives translated loosely as "Let me hear", "let us hear", "let he/she/them hear". The 1st person plural and third person imperatives are the same as the conditional forms except without lenition
| person | form | |
|---|---|---|
| singular | 1 | cluinneam1 |
| 2 | cluinn1 | |
| 3 masc | cluinneadh e | |
| 3 fem | cluinneadh i | |
| plural | 1 | cluinneamaid1 |
| 2 | cluinnibh1 | |
| 3 | cluinneadh iad | |
Notes
- The 1st and 2nd person forms are used without subject pronouns.
References
- Black, Ronald (2006) Cothrom Ionnsachaidh Peebles: Self-published.
- Byrne, Michel (2002) Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
- Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
- Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
- Mark, Colin (2006), Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
- Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
