Difference between revisions of "Rach (irregular verb)"

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|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
 
!rowspan="2"|Conditional Mood!!colspan="2"|active
−
|theireadh<sup>2</sup> <br> (theirinn<sup>1</sup> in 1st singular)
+
|colspan="2"|rachadh<sup>2</sup> <br> (rachainn<sup>1</sup> in 1st sing)<br>(rachamaid<sup>1</sup> in 1 pl)
−
|colspan="2"|abradh<sup>2,3</sup><br> (abrainn<sup>1,</sup> in 1st sing)
 
 
|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!colspan="2"|impersonal
 
!colspan="2"|impersonal
 
|rachte or reighte or dheighte
 
|rachte or reighte or dheighte
 +
|rachte or d'reighte or deighte
 
|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
 
!rowspan="2"|Imperative Mood!!rowspan="2"|2nd person!!singular
−
|abair<sup>1</sup>||colspan="2" rowspan="8"|---
+
|technically ''Rach'' however ''thalla'' is more common''||colspan="2" rowspan="8"|---
 
|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!plural
 
!plural
−
|abraibh<sup>1</sup>
+
|technically ''rachaibh'' however ''thallaibh''' is more common<sup>1</sup>
 
|-align=center
 
|-align=center
 
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
 
!colspan="3"|verbal noun
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|-
 
|-
 
! 1
 
! 1
−
|thuirt mi ||an tuirt mi ||cha tuirt mi||nach tuirt mi||gun tuirt mi
+
|chaidh mi ||an deach(aidh) mi ||cha deach(aidh) mi||nach deach(aidh) mi||gun deach(aidh) mi
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2
 
!2
−
|thuirt thu ||an tuirt thu ||cha tuirt thu||nach tuirt thu||gun tuirt thu
+
|chaidh thu ||an deach(aidh) thu ||cha deach(aidh) thu||nach deach(aidh) thu||gun deach(aidh) thu
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|thuirt e||an tuirt e||cha tuirt e||nach tuirt e||gun tuirt e
+
|chaidh e||an deach(aidh) e||cha deach(aidh) e||nach deach(aidh) e||gun deach(aidh) e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|thuirt i||an tuirt i||cha tuirt i||nach tuirt i||gun tuirt i
+
|chaidh i||an deach(aidh) i||cha deach(aidh) i||nach deach(aidh) i||gun deach(aidh) i
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1 pl
 
! 1 pl
−
|thuirt sinn ||an tuirt sinn ||cha tuirt sinn||nach tuirt sinn||gun tuirt sinn
+
|chaidh sinn ||an deach(aidh) sinn ||cha deach(aidh) sinn||nach deach(aidh) sinn||gun deach(aidh) sinn
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2 pl
 
!2 pl
−
|thuirt sibh ||an tuirt sibh ||cha tuirt sibh||nach tuirt sibh||gun tuirt sibh
+
|chaidh sibh ||an deach(aidh) sibh ||cha deach(aidh) sibh||nach deach(aidh) sibh||gun deach(aidh) sibh
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|thuirt iad||an tuirt iad||cha tuirt iad||nach tuirt iad||gun tuirt iad
+
|chaidh iad||an deach(aidh) iad||cha deach(aidh) iad||nach deach(aidh) iad||gun deach(aidh) iad
 
|}
 
|}
 
<br>
 
<br>
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:{|
 
:{|
−
|Tha||mi||ag ||ràdh
+
|Tha||mi||a' ||dol
 
|-
 
|-
−
|be.pres||1s||prog||say.vn
+
|be.pres||1s||prog||go
 
|-
 
|-
−
|I'm saying/I say
+
|I'm going/I go
 
|}
 
|}
 
<br>
 
<br>
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|-
 
|-
 
! 1
 
! 1
−
|their mi ||an abair mi ||chan abair mi||nach abair mi||a their mi  
+
|thèid mi ||an tèid mi ||cha tèid mi||nach tèid mi||a thèid mi  
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2
 
!2
−
|their thu ||an abair thu ||chan abair thu||nach abair thu||a their thu
+
|thèid thu ||an tèid thu ||cha tèid thu||nach tèid thu||a thèid thu
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|their e||an abair e||chan abair e||nach abair e||a their e
+
|thèid e||an tèid e||cha tèid e||nach tèid e||a thèid e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|their i||an abair i||chan abair i||nach abair i ||a their i
+
|thèid i||an tèid i||cha tèid i||nach tèid i ||a thèid i
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1 pl
 
! 1 pl
−
|their sinn ||an abair sinn ||chan abair sinn||nach abair sinn||a their sinn
+
|thèid sinn ||an tèid sinn ||cha tèid sinn||nach tèid sinn||a thèid sinn
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2 pl
 
!2 pl
−
|their sibh ||an abair sibh ||chan abair sibh||nach abair sibh||a their sibh
+
|thèid sibh ||an tèid sibh ||cha tèid sibh||nach tèid sibh||a thèid sibh
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|their iad||an abair iad||chan abair iad||nach abair iad||a their iad
+
|thèid iad||an tèid iad||cha tèid iad||nach tèid iad||a thèid iad
 
|}
 
|}
  
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===Impersonal/Passive Voice===
 
===Impersonal/Passive Voice===
  
−
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''thuirteadh'' can be best translated as "someone said".  When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "thuirteadh e" means "Someone said it".  This is often translated as "it was said", hence the typical "passive" label.
+
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a [[Passive (definition)|Passive]] verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a [[Periphrastic (definition)|periphrastic]] construction using the verbs ''Rach'' or ''Tha'' + the passive marker ''air''. It does, however, have an [[Impersonal (definition)|impersonal]] form. The '''Impersonal''' is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. ''Rachar''  
  
−
Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling [[Modern Irish]]), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the thing that was said, not the sayer).
+
Since go is an intransitive verb you'll never find these forms with a pronoun
  
 
====Past tense====
 
====Past tense====
  
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
−
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
+
!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
−
|-
 
−
!3 masc
 
−
|thuirteadh e||an tuirteadh e||cha tuirteadh e||nach tuirteadh e
 
−
|-
 
−
!3 fem
 
−
|thuirteadh i||an tuirteadh i||cha tuirteadh i||nach tuirteadh i
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!3 pl
+
|rachar <br> chaidheas||an d'rachar<br> an deachas ||cha d'rachar<br> cha deachas||nach d'rachar<br> nach deachas
−
|thuirteadh iad||an tuirteadh iad||cha tuirteadh iad||nach tuirteadh iad
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 
<br>
 
<br>
  
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{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
−
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future<sup>1</sup>
+
!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question||Relative Future<sup>1</sup>
−
|-
 
−
!3 masc
 
−
|theirear e||an abrar e||chan abrar e||nach abrar e||a theirear e
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!3 fem
+
|thèidear||an tèidear||chan tèidear||nach tèidear||a thèidear
−
|theirear i||an abrar i||chan abrar i||nach abrar i ||a theirear i
 
−
|-
 
−
!3 pl
 
−
|theirear iad||an abrar iad||chan abrar iad||nach abrar iad||a theirear iad
 
 
|}
 
|}
 
Notes
 
Notes
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|-
 
|-
 
! 1
 
! 1
−
| theirinn<sup>1</sup> ||an abrainn ||chan abrainn||nach abrainn
+
| rachainn<sup>1</sup> ||an rachainn ||cha rachainn||nach rachainn
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2
 
!2
−
|theireadh tu<sup>2</sup>||an abradh tu ||chan abradh tu||nach abradh tu
+
|rachadh tu<sup>2</sup>||an rachadh tu ||cha rachadh tu||nach rachadh tu
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|theireadh e||an abradh e||chan abradh e||nach abradh e
+
|rachadh e||an rachadh e||cha rachadh e||nach rachadh e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|theireadh i||an abradh i||chan abradh i||nach abradh i  
+
|rachadh i||an rachadh i||cha rachadh i||nach rachadh i  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1 pl
 
! 1 pl
−
|theireadh sinn (theireamaid<sup>3</sup>)||an abradh sinn (an abramaid<sup>3</sup>)||chan abradh sinn (chan abramaid<sup>3</sup>)||nach abradh sinn (nach abramaid<sup>3</sup>)
+
|rachadh sinn (rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)||an rachadh sinn (an rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)||cha rachadh sinn (cha rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)||nach rachadh sinn (nach rachamaid<sup>3</sup>)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2 pl
 
!2 pl
−
|theireadh sibh ||an abradh sibh ||chan abradh sibh||nach abradh sibh
+
|rachadh sibh ||an rachadh sibh ||cha rachadh sibh||nach rachadh sibh
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|theireadh iad||an abradh iad||chan abradh iad||nach abradh iad
+
|rachadh iad||an rachadh iad||cha rachadh iad||nach rachadh iad
 
|}
 
|}
 
Notes:
 
Notes:
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{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
−
! !!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
+
!!Declarative!!Question!!Negative!!Negative Question
−
|-
 
−
!3 masc
 
−
|theirte e||an abairte e||chan abairte e||nach abairte e
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!3 fem
+
|rachte <br>reighte<br>dheighte||an rachte<br> an d'reighte<br>an deighte||cha rachte<br> cha d'reighte<br>cha deighte||nach rachte<br> nach d'reighte<br>nach deighte
−
|theirte i||an abairte i||chan abairte i||nach abairte i
 
−
|-
 
−
!3 pl
 
−
|theirte iad||an abairte iad||chan abairte iad||nach abairte iad
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
<br>
  
 
==Imperative Mood==
 
==Imperative Mood==
  
−
The imperative of ''abair'' is rarely used to mean "say!". Instead it often has the meaning of "What an X"  Abair an duine ''What a guy!".  
+
Rach is almost never used as the imperative of 'go'. Instead thalla (meaning "go away") is much more commonly used.  
−
 
+
<br>
−
To express an imperative meaning ''say'', most speakers will use the regular verb ''can'' instead.
+
<br>
  
 
==[[References]]==
 
==[[References]]==

Latest revision as of 16:27, 2 August 2012

The irregular verb Rach means "to go". rach is one of 11 irregular verbs in Gaelic.

Uses

Summary of forms

  • Independent forms of the verb rach are used without any particles.
  • Dependent forms of the verb rach are used after an, nach, gun and other verbal particles.
  • Unlike regular verbs, the dependent past tense particle do is never used with abair.


context independent Dependent
basic forms active past chaidh deach or deachaidh
Future thèid tèid
Relative Future --- thèid
impersonal1 past chaidheas or rachar deachas or d'rachar
future thèidear tèidear
relative future --- thèidear
Conditional Mood active rachadh2
(rachainn1 in 1st sing)
(rachamaid1 in 1 pl)
impersonal rachte or reighte or dheighte rachte or d'reighte or deighte
Imperative Mood 2nd person singular technically Rach however thalla is more common ---
plural technically rachaibh however thallaibh' is more common1
verbal noun dol

Notes:

  • 1 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)
  • 2 takes tu rather than thu in the 2nd person.

Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)

Active Voice

Past tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question embedded
1 chaidh mi an deach(aidh) mi cha deach(aidh) mi nach deach(aidh) mi gun deach(aidh) mi
2 chaidh thu an deach(aidh) thu cha deach(aidh) thu nach deach(aidh) thu gun deach(aidh) thu
3 masc chaidh e an deach(aidh) e cha deach(aidh) e nach deach(aidh) e gun deach(aidh) e
3 fem chaidh i an deach(aidh) i cha deach(aidh) i nach deach(aidh) i gun deach(aidh) i
1 pl chaidh sinn an deach(aidh) sinn cha deach(aidh) sinn nach deach(aidh) sinn gun deach(aidh) sinn
2 pl chaidh sibh an deach(aidh) sibh cha deach(aidh) sibh nach deach(aidh) sibh gun deach(aidh) sibh
3 pl chaidh iad an deach(aidh) iad cha deach(aidh) iad nach deach(aidh) iad gun deach(aidh) iad


Present tense

As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I say something") or a progressive meaning (I am saying something) is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.

Tha mi a' dol
be.pres 1s prog go
I'm going/I go


Future tense

The future tense in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is habitual.

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question Relative Future1
1 thèid mi an tèid mi cha tèid mi nach tèid mi a thèid mi
2 thèid thu an tèid thu cha tèid thu nach tèid thu a thèid thu
3 masc thèid e an tèid e cha tèid e nach tèid e a thèid e
3 fem thèid i an tèid i cha tèid i nach tèid i a thèid i
1 pl thèid sinn an tèid sinn cha tèid sinn nach tèid sinn a thèid sinn
2 pl thèid sibh an tèid sibh cha tèid sibh nach tèid sibh a thèid sibh
3 pl thèid iad an tèid iad cha tèid iad nach tèid iad a thèid iad

Note:

  1. the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.


Impersonal/Passive Voice

Gaelic verbs don't technically have a Passive verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a periphrastic construction using the verbs Rach or Tha + the passive marker air. It does, however, have an impersonal form. The Impersonal is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. Rachar

Since go is an intransitive verb you'll never find these forms with a pronoun

Past tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
rachar
chaidheas		 an d'rachar
an deachas 		cha d'rachar
cha deachas		 nach d'rachar
nach deachas


Present tense

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. We leave this blank here.


Future tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question Relative Future1
thèidear an tèidear chan tèidear nach tèidear a thèidear

Notes

  1. the relative future is used after certain particles such as a the particle used with questions, or ma "if".


Conditional Mood

Active

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
1 rachainn1 an rachainn cha rachainn nach rachainn
2 rachadh tu2 an rachadh tu cha rachadh tu nach rachadh tu
3 masc rachadh e an rachadh e cha rachadh e nach rachadh e
3 fem rachadh i an rachadh i cha rachadh i nach rachadh i
1 pl rachadh sinn (rachamaid3) an rachadh sinn (an rachamaid3) cha rachadh sinn (cha rachamaid3) nach rachadh sinn (nach rachamaid3)
2 pl rachadh sibh an rachadh sibh cha rachadh sibh nach rachadh sibh
3 pl rachadh iad an rachadh iad cha rachadh iad nach rachadh iad

Notes:

  1. The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
  2. The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
  3. The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.


passive

!Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
rachte
reighte
dheighte		 an rachte
an d'reighte
an deighte		 cha rachte
cha d'reighte
cha deighte		 nach rachte
nach d'reighte
nach deighte


Imperative Mood

Rach is almost never used as the imperative of 'go'. Instead thalla (meaning "go away") is much more commonly used.

References

  • Black, Ronald (2006) Cothrom Ionnsachaidh Peebles: Self-published.
  • Byrne, Michel (2002) Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
  • Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
  • Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
  • Mark, Colin (2006), Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
  • Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
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