Difference between revisions of "Ruig (irregular verb)"
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!rowspan="6"|basic forms!!rowspan="3"|active!!past | !rowspan="6"|basic forms!!rowspan="3"|active!!past | ||
| − | | | + | |ràinig |
| − | | | + | |d'ràinig or do ràinig |
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Future | !Future | ||
| − | | | + | |ruigidh<sup>2</sup> |
| − | | | + | |ruig |
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Relative Future | !Relative Future | ||
| --- | | --- | ||
| − | | | + | |ruigeas<sup>2</sup> |
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!rowspan="3"|impersonal<sup>1</sup>!!past | !rowspan="3"|impersonal<sup>1</sup>!!past | ||
| − | | | + | |ràinigeadh |
| − | | | + | |d'ràinigeadh or do ràinigeadh |
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!future | !future | ||
Revision as of 15:48, 2 August 2012
The irregular verb ruig means "to reach" or "to arrive at". rach is one of 11 irregular verbs in Gaelic.
Contents
Uses
Summary of forms
- Independent forms of the verb ruig are used without any particles.
- Dependent forms of the verb ruig are used after an, nach, gun, "cha" and other verbal particles.
| context | independent | Dependent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic forms | active | past | ràinig | d'ràinig or do ràinig | |
| Future | ruigidh2 | ruig | |||
| Relative Future | --- | ruigeas2 | |||
| impersonal1 | past | ràinigeadh | d'ràinigeadh or do ràinigeadh | ||
| future | ruigear | ||||
| relative future | --- | ruigear | |||
| Conditional Mood | active | ruigeadh2 (ruiginn1 in 1st sing) (ruigeamaid1 in 1 pl) | |||
| impersonal | ruigte | ||||
| Imperative Mood | 2nd person | singular | ruig | --- | |
| plural | ruigibh1 | ||||
| verbal noun | ruigsinn or ruighinn or ruigheachd | ||||
Notes:
- 1 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)
- 2 takes tu rather than thu in the 2nd person.
Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)
Active Voice
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | embedded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chaidh mi | an tuirt mi | cha tuirt mi | nach tuirt mi | gun tuirt mi |
| 2 | chaidh thu | an deach(aidh) thu | cha deach(aidh) thu | nach deach(aidh) thu | gun deach(aidh) thu |
| 3 masc | chaidh e | an deach(aidh) e | cha deach(aidh) e | nach deach(aidh) e | gun deach(aidh) e |
| 3 fem | chaidh i | an deach(aidh) i | cha deach(aidh) i | nach deach(aidh) i | gun deach(aidh) i |
| 1 pl | chaidh sinn | an deach(aidh) sinn | cha deach(aidh) sinn | nach deach(aidh) sinn | gun deach(aidh) sinn |
| 2 pl | chaidh sibh | an deach(aidh) sibh | cha deach(aidh) sibh | nach deach(aidh) sibh | gun deach(aidh) sibh |
| 3 pl | chaidh iad | an deach(aidh) iad | cha deach(aidh) iad | nach deach(aidh) iad | gun deach(aidh) iad |
Present tense
As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I say something") or a progressive meaning (I am saying something) is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.
Tha mi ag ràdh be.pres 1s prog say.vn I'm saying/I say
Future tense
The future tense in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is habitual.
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | thèid mi | an tèid mi | cha tèid mi | nach tèid mi | a thèid mi |
| 2 | thèid thu | an tèid thu | cha tèid thu | nach tèid thu | a thèid thu |
| 3 masc | thèid e | an tèid e | cha tèid e | nach tèid e | a thèid e |
| 3 fem | thèid i | an tèid i | cha tèid i | nach tèid i | a thèid i |
| 1 pl | thèid sinn | an tèid sinn | cha tèid sinn | nach tèid sinn | a thèid sinn |
| 2 pl | thèid sibh | an tèid sibh | cha tèid sibh | nach tèid sibh | a thèid sibh |
| 3 pl | thèid iad | an tèid iad | cha tèid iad | nach tèid iad | a thèid iad |
Note:
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.
Impersonal/Passive Voice
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a Passive verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a periphrastic construction using the verbs Rach or Tha + the passive marker air. It does, however, have an impersonal form. The Impersonal is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. Rachar
Since go is an intransitive verb you'll never find these forms with a pronoun
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question |
|---|---|---|---|
| rachar chaidheas |
an d'rachar an deachas |
cha d'rachar cha deachas |
nach d'rachar nach deachas |
Present tense
The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. We leave this blank here.
Future tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| thèidear | an tèidear | chan tèidear | nach tèidear | a thèidear |
Notes
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as a the particle used with questions, or ma "if".
Conditional Mood
Active
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rachainn1 | an rachainn | cha rachainn | nach rachainn |
| 2 | rachadh tu2 | an rachadh tu | cha rachadh tu | nach rachadh tu |
| 3 masc | rachadh e | an rachadh e | cha rachadh e | nach rachadh e |
| 3 fem | rachadh i | an abradh i | cha rachadh i | nach rachadh i |
| 1 pl | rachadh sinn (rachamaid3) | an rachadh sinn (an rachamaid3) | cha rachadh sinn (cha rachamaid3) | nach rachadh sinn (nach rachamaid3) |
| 2 pl | rachadh sibh | an rachadh sibh | cha rachadh sibh | nach rachadh sibh |
| 3 pl | rachadh iad | an rachadh iad | cha rachadh iad | nach rachadh iad |
Notes:
- The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
- The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
- The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
passive
| !Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question |
|---|---|---|---|
| rachte reighte dheighte |
an rachte an d'reighte an deighte |
cha rachte cha d'reighte cha deighte |
nach rachte nach d'reighte nach deighte |
Imperative Mood
Rach is almost never used as the imperative of 'go'. Instead thalla (meaning "go away") is much more commonly used.
References
- Black, Ronald (2006) Cothrom Ionnsachaidh Peebles: Self-published.
- Byrne, Michel (2002) Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
- Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
- Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
- Mark, Colin (2006), Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
- Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
