Difference between revisions of "Ruig (irregular verb)"
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Revision as of 16:25, 2 August 2012
The irregular verb ruig means "to reach" or "to arrive at". rach is one of 11 irregular verbs in Gaelic.
Contents
Uses
"ruig air" = afford
Summary of forms
- Independent forms of the verb ruig are used without any particles.
- Dependent forms of the verb ruig are used after an, nach, gun, "cha" and other verbal particles.
| context | independent | Dependent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic forms | active | past | ràinig | d'ràinig or do ràinig | |
| Future | ruigidh2 | ruig | |||
| Relative Future | --- | ruigeas2 | |||
| impersonal1 | past | ràinigeadh | d'ràinigeadh or do ràinigeadh | ||
| future | ruigear | ||||
| relative future | --- | ruigear | |||
| Conditional Mood | active | ruigeadh2 (ruiginn1 in 1st sing) (ruigeamaid1 in 1 pl) | |||
| impersonal | ruigte | ||||
| Imperative Mood | 2nd person | singular | ruig | --- | |
| plural | ruigibh1 | ||||
| verbal noun | ruigsinn or ruighinn or ruigheachd | ||||
Notes:
- 1 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)
- 2 takes tu rather than thu in the 2nd person.
Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)
Active Voice
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | embedded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ràinig mi | an do ràinig mi | cha do ràinig mi | nach do ràinig mi | gun do ràinig mi |
| 2 | ràinig thu | an do ràinig thu | cha do ràinig thu | nach do ràinig thu | gun do ràinig thu |
| 3 masc | ràinig e | an do ràinig e | cha do ràinig e | nach do ràinig e | gun do ràinig e |
| 3 fem | ràinig i | an do ràinig i | cha do ràinig i | nach do ràinig i | gun do ràinig i |
| 1 pl | ràinig sinn | an do ràinig sinn | cha do ràinig sinn | nach do ràinig sinn | gun do ràinig sinn |
| 2 pl | ràinig sibh | an do ràinig sibh | cha do ràinig sibh | nach do ràinig sibh | gun do ràinig sibh |
| 3 pl | ràinig iad | an do ràinig iad | cha do ràinig iad | nach do ràinig iad | gun do ràinig) iad |
Present tense
As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I say something") or a progressive meaning (I am saying something) is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.
Tha mi a' ruigsinn be.pres 1s prog reach.vn I'm reaching/I reach
Future tense
The future tense in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is habitual.
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ruigidh mi | an ruig mi | cha ruig | nach ruig mi | a ruigeas mi |
| 2 | ruigidh2 tu | an ruig thu | cha ruig thu | nach ruig thu | a ruigeas2 tu |
| 3 masc | ruigidh e | an ruig e | cha ruig e | nach ruig e | a ruigeas e |
| 3 fem | ruigidh i | an ruig i | cha ruig i | nach ruig i | a ruigeas i |
| 1 pl | ruigidh sinn | an ruig sinn | cha ruig sinn | nach ruig sinn | a ruigeas sinn |
| 2 pl | ruigidh sibh | an ruig sibh | cha ruig sibh | nach ruig sibh | a ruigeas sibh |
| 3 pl | ruigidh iad | an ruig iad | cha ruig iad | nach ruig iad | a ruigeas iad |
Note:
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.
- after ruigidh and ruigeas, the 2nd person is tu rather than thu.
Impersonal/Passive Voice
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a Passive verb form. It does, however, have an impersonal form. The Impersonal is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. '
Past tense
Note: these forms are archaic and almost never used anymore
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question |
|---|---|---|---|
| ràinigeadh | an do ràinigead | cha do ràinigeadh | nach do ràinigeadh |
Present tense
The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. We leave this blank here.
Future tense
The future tense impersonal form is ruigear, both as a simple form and with particles (an ruigear, cha ruigear, nach ruigear, a ruigear, etc.)
Conditional Mood
Active
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rachainn1 | an rachainn | cha rachainn | nach rachainn |
| 2 | rachadh tu2 | an rachadh tu | cha rachadh tu | nach rachadh tu |
| 3 masc | rachadh e | an rachadh e | cha rachadh e | nach rachadh e |
| 3 fem | rachadh i | an abradh i | cha rachadh i | nach rachadh i |
| 1 pl | rachadh sinn (rachamaid3) | an rachadh sinn (an rachamaid3) | cha rachadh sinn (cha rachamaid3) | nach rachadh sinn (nach rachamaid3) |
| 2 pl | rachadh sibh | an rachadh sibh | cha rachadh sibh | nach rachadh sibh |
| 3 pl | rachadh iad | an rachadh iad | cha rachadh iad | nach rachadh iad |
Notes:
- The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
- The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
- The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
passive
| !Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question |
|---|---|---|---|
| rachte reighte dheighte |
an rachte an d'reighte an deighte |
cha rachte cha d'reighte cha deighte |
nach rachte nach d'reighte nach deighte |
Imperative Mood
Rach is almost never used as the imperative of 'go'. Instead thalla (meaning "go away") is much more commonly used.
References
- Black, Ronald (2006) Cothrom Ionnsachaidh Peebles: Self-published.
- Byrne, Michel (2002) Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
- Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
- Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
- Mark, Colin (2006), Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
- Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
