Difference between revisions of "Formation of Verbal Nouns"
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===Suffix -eadh (Marks type 1b) === | ===Suffix -eadh (Marks type 1b) === | ||
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|pay | |pay | ||
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|clam | |clam | ||
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| + | for other examples see [[Verbal Nouns]] | ||
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===broaden, syncope final syllable, suffix -adh (Mark type 1f)=== | ===broaden, syncope final syllable, suffix -adh (Mark type 1f)=== | ||
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!verb meaning | !verb meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| + | |fosgail | ||
| + | |fosgladh | ||
| + | |open | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |cobhair | ||
| + | |cobhradh | ||
| + | |help | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |faochainn | ||
| + | |faochnadh | ||
| + | |beg | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |amail | ||
| + | |amladh | ||
| + | |entangle | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |bagair | ||
| + | |bagradh | ||
| + | |terrify/threaten | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |seachainn | ||
| + | |seachnadh | ||
| + | |avoid | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | for other examples see [[Verbal Nouns]] | ||
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| + | for other examples see [[Verbal Nouns]] | ||
==Broaden final consonant (Mark's type 3)== | ==Broaden final consonant (Mark's type 3)== | ||
Revision as of 09:25, 15 June 2009
- for a definition of verbal noun see Verbal noun (definition)
- for a discussion of the uses of verbal nouns see Use of Verbal Noun
- for a comprehensive list of verbal nouns for various verbs see Verbal Nouns
This section is largely based on chapter 8 of Colin Marks (2006) Gaelic Verbs: Systemized and Simplified, although some extra generalizations and patterns are reported here.
Contents
Suffix -(e)adh (Mark's type 1)
The most common way to form a verbal noun is to suffix some version of the suffix -adh or -eadh (pronounced either /u/ or /əg/). There are several variants of this, listed bleow
Suffix -adh (Mark's type 1a)
One common way to form the verbal noun is to suffix -adh to a root ending a broad consonant.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning danns dannsadh dance leugh leughadh read pòg pògadh kiss sgriobh sgriobhadh write
for other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -eadh (Marks type 1b)
When the root ends in a [[Slender (definition)}slender]] consonant, one common way to form the verbal noun is to suffix -eadh.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning bris briseadh break mill milleadh spoil pàigh pàigheadh pay
for other examples see Verbal Nouns
Broaden and suffix -adh (Mark's type 1c, d, e)
This method is used for words ending in -aich, monosyllabic words ending in -ail, and -ich and a few other forms. To form the verbal noun, make the final consonant broad by doing one of the following, then suffix -adh.
- Type 1c: broaden final consonant, by deleting orthographic <i> (i) e.g., dùin --> dùn+adh, (ii) -ail --> al+adh, e.g., buail --> bualadh
- Type 1d: -aich --> -ach+adh, e.g., beannaich --> beannachadh
- Type 1e: -ich --> -each+adh, e.g. litrich --> litreachadh
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning dòirt dòrtadh spill buail bualadh strike dùin dunadh close beannaich beannachadh bless ciùinich ciùineachadh clam
for other examples see Verbal Nouns
broaden, syncope final syllable, suffix -adh (Mark type 1f)
where C stands for any consonant.
- type fi: Cail --> Cl+adh, e.g., fosgail --> fosgladh
- type fii Cail --> Cr+adh, e.g., cobhair --> cobhradh
- type fii Cainn --> Cn+adh, e.g., faochainn --> faochnadh
- relatedly without broadening: sluaisir --> sluaisreadh and innis --> innseadh or innse.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning fosgail fosgladh open cobhair cobhradh help faochainn faochnadh beg amail amladh entangle bagair bagradh terrify/threaten seachainn seachnadh avoid
for other examples see Verbal Nouns
Verbal noun is the same as the imperative (Mark's type 2)
For some nouns, the root and the imperative are identical
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning leum leum jump obair obair work òl òl drink ruith ruith run seinn seinn sing stad stad stop streap streap climb
for other examples see Verbal Nouns
Broaden final consonant (Mark's type 3)
Suffix -amh
| Imperative | verbal Noun | verb meaning |
|---|---|---|
| dean | deanamh | do |
| seas | seasamh | sit |
Suffix -t(a)inn
| Imperative | verbal Noun | verb meaning |
|---|---|---|
| cluinn | cluinntinn | listen |
| seall | sealltainn | look |
Suffix -e
| Imperative | verbal Noun | verb meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ith | ithe | eat |
| suidh | suidhe | sit |
Irregular non-suppletive changes
Suppletive verbal nouns
| Imperative | verbal Noun | verb meaning |
|---|---|---|
| abair | ràdh | say |
| rach | dol | go |
| thàladh | falbh | leave |
