Difference between revisions of "Formation of Verbal Nouns"
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Latest revision as of 15:27, 8 November 2009
- for a definition of verbal noun see Verbal noun (definition)
- for a discussion of the uses of verbal nouns see Use of Verbal Noun
- for a comprehensive list of verbal nouns for various verbs see Verbal Nouns
This section is largely based on chapter 8 of Colin Marks (2006) Gaelic Verbs: Systemized and Simplified, although some extra generalizations and patterns are reported here.
Contents
- 1 Suffix -(e)adh (Mark's type 1)
- 2 Verbal noun is the same as the imperative (Mark's type 2)
- 3 Broaden final consonant (Mark's type 3)
- 4 Suffix -t to Root (Mark's type 4)
- 5 Suffix -sinn (Mark's type 5)
- 6 Suffix -t(a)inn (Mark's type 6)
- 7 Suffix -(e)amh (Mark's type 7)
- 8 Suffix -ad (Mark's type 8)
- 9 Suffix -ail or -eil to the root (Mark's group 9)
- 10 Suffix -e (Mark's type 10)
- 11 Suffix -d or -(e)achd (Mark's class 11)
- 12 Suffix -(a)ich to root (Mark's 12)
- 13 Archaic endings -(e)achdainn (Mark's 13)
- 14 Irregular non-suppletive changes (Part of Mark's E (eccentric) class)
- 15 Suppletive verbal nouns (Part of Mark's E (eccentric) class)
Suffix -(e)adh (Mark's type 1)
The most common way to form a verbal noun is to suffix some version of the suffix -adh or -eadh (pronounced either /u/ or /əg/). There are several variants of this, listed bleow
Suffix -adh (Mark's type 1a)
One common way to form the verbal noun is to suffix -adh to a root ending a broad consonant.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning danns dannsadh dance leugh leughadh read pòg pògadh kiss sgriobh sgriobhadh write
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -eadh (Marks type 1b)
When the root ends in a [[Slender (definition)}slender]] consonant, one common way to form the verbal noun is to suffix -eadh.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning bris briseadh break mill milleadh spoil pàigh pàigheadh pay
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Broaden and suffix -adh (Mark's type 1c, d, e)
This method is used for words ending in -aich, monosyllabic words ending in -ail, and -ich and a few other forms. To form the verbal noun, make the final consonant broad by doing one of the following, then suffix -adh.
- Type 1c: broaden final consonant, by deleting orthographic <i> (i) e.g., dùin --> dùn+adh, (ii) -ail --> al+adh, e.g., buail --> bualadh
- Type 1d: -aich --> -ach+adh, e.g., beannaich --> beannachadh
- Type 1e: -ich --> -each+adh, e.g. litrich --> litreachadh
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning dòirt dòrtadh spill buail bualadh strike dùin dunadh close beannaich beannachadh bless ciùinich ciùineachadh clam
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Broaden, syncope final syllable, suffix -adh (Mark type 1f)
where C stands for any consonant.
- type fi: Cail --> Cl+adh, e.g., fosgail --> fosgladh
- type fii Cair --> Cr+adh, e.g., cobhair --> cobhradh (According to Mark, almost all the members of this type have alternative formations using type 4 -- see below)
- type fii Cainn --> Cn+adh, e.g., faochainn --> faochnadh
- relatedly but without broadening: sluaisir --> sluaisreadh and innis --> innseadh or innse.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning fosgail fosgladh open cobhair cobhradh help faochainn faochnadh beg amail amladh entangle bagair bagradh terrify/threaten seachainn seachnadh avoid
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Verbal noun is the same as the imperative (Mark's type 2)
For some nouns, the root and the imperative are identical
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning leum leum jump obair obair work òl òl drink ruith ruith run seinn seinn sing stad stad stop streap streap climb
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Broaden final consonant (Mark's type 3)
With some roots one can create a verbal noun by broadening a final slender consonant. To do this either drop the <i> before the final consonant (e.g. amhairc --> amharc) if there is another (broad) vowel next to it, or by changing a final <i> to an <ea> (when there is no other vowel next to it.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning caill call lose amhairc amharc see àraich àrach rear
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -t to Root (Mark's type 4)
Many roots ending in -air form the verbal noun by suffixing -t:
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning tachair tachairt meeting labhair labhairt speak tagair tagairt pleat freagair freagairt answer thoir toirt give/take
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -sinn (Mark's type 5)
Altough much rarer, some verbs require the suffix -sinn to form the verbal noun.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning tuig tuigsinn understand creid creidsinn believe saoil saoilsinn think
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -t(a)inn (Mark's type 6)
Verbs of this class take either -tainn or -tinn (depending upon whether they end in a broad or slender consonant).
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning cluinn cluinntinn listen seall sealltainn look
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -(e)amh (Mark's type 7)
This group of verbs suffixes either -eamh or -amh to the root, depending upon whether the final consonant of the root is slender (-eamh) or broad (-amh).
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning dean deanamh do seas seasamh sit caith caitheamh spend feith feitheamh wait (for) maoidh maoidheamh threaten
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -ad (Mark's type 8)
Verbs of this class create the verbal noun by suffixing -ad. If necessary the final consonant is made broad before suffixation. This group is very small. Mark (2006) lists only 3 members.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning blais blasad taste gluais gluasad move greas greasad hurry
Suffix -ail or -eil to the root (Mark's group 9)
Suffix -ail (Mark's group 9a)
Verbs in this group all end in a broad consonant, and suffix -ail
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning fàg fàgail leave gabh gabhail take/receive cùm cùmail keep
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -eil (Mark's group 9b)
Verbs in this group all end in a slender consonant, and suffix -eil.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning tilg tilgeil throw leig leigeil permit snàig snàigeil creep
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -e (Mark's type 10)
Verbs in this class take an -e suffix. They all end in slender consonants
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning ith ithe eat suidh suidhe sit fuin fuine bake
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -d or -(e)achd (Mark's class 11)
The verbal nouns in this class end up ending in -(e)achd, this happens either by changing an underlying -aich/-ich ending into -each and then suffixing -d' or by directly suffixing -eachd to a bare root.
Change -aich to -ach, suffix -d (Mark's 11a)
Verbs of this subtype all end in -aich. The ending broadens to -ach by deleting the final orthographic <i> and -d is suffixed.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning cleasaich cleasachd playing cnuasaich cnuasachd collect iasgaich iasgachd fish
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Change -ich to -each and suffix -d (Mark's 11b)
Verbs of this subtype all end in -ich. The ending broadens to -each by changing the final orthographic <i> into <ea> and then suffixing -d'.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning faighnich faighneachd ask coisich coiseachd walk
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -(e)achd (Mark's 11c)
Verbs of this subtype do not end in -aich or -ich, the root is suffixed with -achd or "-eachd"
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning greas greasachd hurry èist èisteachd listen cnuas cnuasachd gather gluais glausachd move
For other examples see Verbal Nouns
Suffix -(a)ich to root (Mark's 12)
This group is also very rare (Mark lists 6 members). A verbal noun is formed by suffixing either -aich or -ich (and rarely "-naich") to the root. The choice depends upon whether the final consonant of the root is broad or slender.
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning beuc beucaich roar bùir bùirich roar geum geumnaich low cattle glaodh glaodhaich shout/proclaim mèil mèilich bleat ràn rànaich roar/cry
Archaic endings -(e)achdainn (Mark's 13)
These are archaic endings that can be found in older writing.
Suffix -(e)achdainn (Mark's 13a)
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning gàir gàireachdainn laugh gèill gèilleachdainn surrender mair màireachdainn last saoil saoileachdainn think sgar sgarachdainn tear apart
Change -ich to -each and -aich to -ach and suffix -dainn (Mark's 13b)
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning caraich carachdainn move/sway dealaich dealachdainn separate dùraig dùrachdainn wish/hope fairich faireachdainn feel/sense teirig teireachdainn fail
Irregular non-suppletive changes (Part of Mark's E (eccentric) class)
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning bìd bìdil chirp bog bogadan wag/bob/shake caislich caisleadh stir, wake-up càirich càrach mend/repair còmhnaich còmhnaidh dwell dìrich dìreadh climb/ascend èigh èigheach shout/call èirich èirigh rise/get up eubh eubhach shout/call feuch feuchainn try fuaigh fuaigheal sew gàir gàireachdaich laugh gin gineamhainn beget iarr iarraidh ask/want ionaltair ionailt graze/feed lean leanmhainn/leanailt continue/follow mair maireann last obraich obair work ruig ruigeachd reach soillsich soillseadh enlighten teasairg teasairginn save tionail tionailt gather/assemble tuit tuiteam fall ruig ruigsinn/ruigheachd reach beir breith/beirsinn bear thig tighinn come
Suppletive verbal nouns (Part of Mark's E (eccentric) class)
Imperative verbal Noun verb meaning abair ràdh say rach dol go thàladh falbh leave faigh faighinn/faotainn get
