Difference between revisions of "Dèan (irregular verb)"
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==Imperative Mood== | ==Imperative Mood== | ||
| − | The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb " | + | The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Do!". 1st and 3rd person imperatives translated loosely as "Let me do", "let us do", "let he/she/them do". The 1st person plural and third person imperatives are the same as the conditional forms except without [[Lenition|lenition]] |
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Notes | Notes | ||
# The 1st and 2nd person forms are used without subject pronouns. | # The 1st and 2nd person forms are used without subject pronouns. | ||
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==[[References]]== | ==[[References]]== | ||
Revision as of 12:56, 2 August 2012
The irregular verb dèan means "to do" or "to make". Dèan is one of 11 irregular verbs in Gaelic.
Contents
Summary of forms
- Independent forms of the verb dèan are used without any particles.
- Dependent forms of the verb dèan are used after an, nach, gun and other particles
| context | independent | Dependent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic forms | active | past1 | rinn | d'rinn or do rinn | |
| Future | nì | dèan | |||
| Relative Future1 | --- | nì | |||
| impersonal1 | past | rinneadh | do rinneadh | ||
| future | nithear | dèanar | |||
| relative future | --- | nithear | |||
| Conditional Mood | active | dhèanadh1 (dhèanainn2 in 1st sing) (dhèanamaid2,3 in 1 pl) |
dèanadh1 (dèanainn2 in 1st sing) (dèanamaid2,3 in 1 pl) | ||
| impersonal | dhèante | dèante | |||
| Imperative Mood | 1st person | singular | dèanam2 | --- | |
| plural | dèanamaid2 | ||||
| 2nd person | singular | dèan2 | |||
| plural | dèanaibh2 | ||||
| 3rd person | dèanadh | ||||
| verbal noun | dèanamh | ||||
Notes:
- 1 the pronoun tu is used instead of thu
- 2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)
- 3 rare and archaic.
Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)
Active Voice
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | embedded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rinn mi | an d'rinn mi | cha d'rinn mi | nach d'rinn mi | gun d'rinn mi |
| 2 | rinn thu | an d'rinn thu | cha d'rinn thu | nach d'rinn thu | gun d'rinn thu |
| 3 masc | rinn e | an d'rinn e | cha d'rinn e | nach d'rinn e | gun d'rinn e |
| 3 fem | rinn i | an d'rinn i | cha d'rinn i | nach d'rinn i | gun d'rinn i |
| 1 pl | rinn sinn | an d'rinn sinn | cha d'rinn sinn | nach d'rinn sinn | gun d'rinn sinn |
| 2 pl | rinn sibh | an d'rinn sibh | cha d'rinn sibh | nach d'rinn sibh | gun d'rinn sibh |
| 3 pl | rinn iad | an d'rinn iad | cha d'rinn iad | nach d'rinn iad | gun d'rinn iad |
Present tense
As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I do something") or a progressive meaning (I am doing something is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.
Tha mi a' dèanamh be.pres 1s prog do.vn I'm doing/I do
Future tense
The future tense in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is habitual.
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | nì mi | an cluinn mi | cha chluinn mi | nach cluinn mi | a nì mi |
| 2 | nì thu | an dèan thu | cha dèan thu | nach dèan thu | a nì thu |
| 3 masc | nì e | an dèan e | cha dèan e | nach dèan e | a nì e |
| 3 fem | nì i | an dèan i | cha dèan i | nach dèan i | a nì i |
| 1 pl | nì sinn | an dèan sinn | cha dèan sinn | nach dèan sinn | a nì sinn |
| 2 pl | nì sibh | an dèan sibh | cha dèan sibh | nach dèan sibh | a nì sibh |
| 3 pl | nì iad | an cluidèannn iad | cha dèan iad | nach dèan iad | a nì iad |
Note:
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.
- Note that in the relative future and declarative future the pronoun tu is used in lieu of thu.
Impersonal/Passive Voice
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a Passive verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a periphrastic construction using the verbs Rach or Tha + the passive marker air. It does, however, have an impersonal form. The Impersonal is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. Chualas can be best translated as "someone heard". Use of a pronoun is completely optional. So "Chualas" is a completely well-formed sentence. When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "chualas mi" means "Someone heard me". This is often translated as "I was heard", hence the typical "passive" label.
Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling Modern Irish), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the person who was heard, not the hearer).
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rinneadh mi | an do rinneadh mi | cha do rinneadh mi | nach do rinneadh mi |
| 2 | rinneadh tu1 | an do rinneadh tu | cha do rinneadh tu | nach do rinneadh tu |
| 3 masc | rinneadh e | an do rinneadh e | cha do rinneadh e | nach do rinneadh e |
| 3 fem | rinneadh i | an do rinneadh i | cha do rinneadh i | nach do rinneadh i |
| 1 pl | rinneadh sinn | an do rinneadh sinn | cha do rinneadh sinn | nach do rinneadh sinn |
| 2 pl | rinneadh sibh | an do rinneadh sibh | cha do rinneadh sibh | nach do rinneadh sibh |
| 3 pl | rinneadh iad | an do rinneadh iad | cha do rinneadh iad | nach do rinneadh iad |
Notes:
- The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
Present tense
The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. We leave this blank here
Future tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | nithear mi | an dèanar mi | cha dèanar mi | nach dèanar mi | a nithear mi |
| 2 | nithear thu | an dèanar thu | cha dèanar thu | nach dèanar thu | a nithear thu |
| 3 masc | nithear e | an dèanar e | cha dèanar e | nach dèanar e | a nithear e |
| 3 fem | nithear i | an dèanar i | cha dèanar i | nach dèanar i | a nithear i |
| 1 pl | nithear sinn | an dèanar sinn | cha dèanar sinn | nach dèanar sinn | a nithear sinn |
| 2 | nithear sibh | an dèanar sibh | cha dèanar sibh | nach dèanar sibh | a nithear sibh |
| 3 pl | nithear iad | an dèanar iad | cha dèanar iad | nach dèanar iad | a nithear iad |
Notes
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as a the particle used with questions, or ma "if".
Conditional Mood
Active
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | dhèanainn1 | an dèanainn | cha dèanainn | nach dèanainn |
| 2 | dhèanadh tu2 | an dèanadh tu | cha dèanadh tu | nach dèanadh tu |
| 3 masc | dhèanadh e | an dèanadh e | cha dèanadh e | nach dèanadh e |
| 3 fem | dhèanadh i | an dèanadh i | cha dèanadh i | nach dèanadh i |
| 1 pl | dhèanadh sinn (dhèaneamaid3) | an dèanadh sinn (an dèaneamaid3) | cha dèanadh sinn (cha dèaneamaid3) | nach dèanadh sinn (nach dèaneamaid3) |
| 2 pl | dhèanadh sibh | an dèanadh sibh | cha dèanadh sibh | nach dèanadh sibh |
| 3 pl | dhèanadh iad | an dèanadh iad | cha dèanadh iad | nach dèanadh iad |
Notes:
- The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
- The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
- The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
passive
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | dhèante mi | an dèante mi | cha dèante mi | nach dèante mi |
| 2 | dhèante thu | an dèante thu | cha dèante thu | nach dèante thu |
| 3 masc | dhèante e | an dèante e | cha dèante e | nach dèante e |
| 3 fem | dhèante i | an dèante i | cha dèante i | nach dèante i |
| 1 pl | dhèante sinn | an dèante sinn | cha dèante sinn | nach dèante sinn |
| 2 pl | dhèante sibh | an dèante sibh | cha dèante sibh | nach dèante sibh |
| 3 pl | dhèante iad | an dèante iad | cha dèante iad | nach dèante iad |
Imperative Mood
The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. In English these are translated with by just the verb "Do!". 1st and 3rd person imperatives translated loosely as "Let me do", "let us do", "let he/she/them do". The 1st person plural and third person imperatives are the same as the conditional forms except without lenition
| person | form | |
|---|---|---|
| singular | 1 | cluinneam1 |
| 2 | cluinn1 | |
| 3 masc | cluinneadh e | |
| 3 fem | cluinneadh i | |
| plural | 1 | cluinneamaid1 |
| 2 | cluinnibh1 | |
| 3 | cluinneadh iad | |
Notes
- The 1st and 2nd person forms are used without subject pronouns.
References
- Black, Ronald (2006) Cothrom Ionnsachaidh Peebles: Self-published.
- Byrne, Michel (2002) Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
- Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
- Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
- Mark, Colin (2006), Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
- Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
