Difference between revisions of "Cluinn (irregular verb)"

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|-
 
|-
 
! 1
 
! 1
−
|chualas mi ||an cualas mi ||cha chualas mi||nach cualas mi
+
| chluinninn<sup>1</sup> ||an cluinninn ||cha chluinninn||nach cluinninn
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2
 
!2
−
|chualas tu<sup>1</sup> ||an cualas tu ||cha chualas tu||nach cualas tu
+
|chluinneadh tu<sup>2</sup>||an cluinneadh tu ||cha chluinneadh tu||nach cluinneadh tu
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 masc
 
!3 masc
−
|chualas e||an cualsa e||cha chualas e||nach cualas e
+
|chluinneadh e||an cluinneadh e||cha chluinneadh e||nach cluinneadh e
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 fem
 
!3 fem
−
|chualas i||an cualas i||cha chualas i||nach cualas i  
+
|chluinneadh i||an cluinneadh i||cha chluinneadh i||nach cluinneadh i  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1 pl
 
! 1 pl
−
|chualas sinn ||an cualas sinn ||cha chualas sinn||nach cualas sinn
+
|chluinneadh sinn ||an cluinneadh sinn ||cha chluinneadh sinn||nach cluinneadh sinn
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2 pl
 
!2 pl
−
|chualas sibh ||an cualas sibh ||cha chualas sibh||nach cualas sibh
+
|chluinneadh sibh ||an cluinneadh sibh ||cha chluinneadh sibh||nach cluinneadh sibh
 
|-
 
|-
 
!3 pl
 
!3 pl
−
|chualas iad||an cualas iad||cha chualas iad||nach cualas iad
+
|chluinneadh iad||an cluinneadh iad||cha chluinneadh iad||nach cluinneadh iad
 
|}
 
|}
 
Notes:
 
Notes:
−
 
+
#The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
−
 
+
#The pronoun ''tu'' is used here instead of ''thu''
−
chluinninn I would hear
 
−
chluinneadh tu you woudl hear
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
  
 
cluinnte mi I would be heard
 
cluinnte mi I would be heard

Revision as of 02:01, 17 May 2009

The irregular verb Cluinn means "to hear"

Cluinn is one of 12 irregular verbs in Gaelic.


Summary of forms

  • Independent forms of the verb cluinn are used without any particles.
  • Dependent forms of the verb cluinn are used after an, nach, and other verbal particles (except cha).
  • Cha takes dependent forms but lenites the verb.
  • Unlike regular verbs, the dependent past tense particle do is never used with cluinn.


context independent After Cha Dependent
basic forms active past1 chuala cuala
Future cluinnidh chluinn cluinn
Relative Future1 --- chluinneas
impersonal1 past chualas (chualadh) cualas (chualadh)
future cluinn(t)ear chluinn(t)ear cluinn(t)ear
relative future ---
Conditional Mood active chluinneadh (chluinninn2 in 1st singular) cluinneadh (cluinninn2 in 1st sing)
impersonal chluinnte (chluinnist in Lewis) cluinnte (cluinnist in Lewis)
Imperative Mood 1st person singular cluinneam2 --- ---
plural cluinneamaid2
2nd person singular cluinn2
plural cluinnibh2
3rd person cluinneadh
verbal noun cluinntinn (sometimes cluinnteil)

Notes:

  • 1 with the past tense, relative future and impersonal forms of this verb, the pronoun tu is used instead of thu
  • 2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)


Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)

Active Voice

Past tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
1 chuala mi an cuala mi cha chuala mi nach cuala mi
2 chuala tu1 an cuala tu cha chuala tu nach cuala tu
3 masc chuala e an cuala e cha chuala e nach cuala e
3 fem chuala i an cuala i cha chuala i nach cuala i
1 pl chuala sinn an cuala sinn cha chuala sinn nach cuala sinn
2 pl chuala sibh an cuala sibh cha chuala sibh nach cuala sibh
3 pl chuala iad an cuala iad cha chuala iad nach cuala iad
  1. Irregularly, the 2nd person pronoun shows up as tu instead of thu in the past, impersonal, and relative future forms of this verb.

Present tense

As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I hear something") or a progressive meaning (I am hearing something is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be) along with the verbal noun.

Tha mi a' cluinntinn
be.pres 1s prog hear.vn
I'm hearing/I hear


Future tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question Relative Future1
1 cluinnidh mi an cluinn mi cha chluinn mi nach cluinn mi a chluinneas mi
2 cluinnidh thu an cluinn thu cha chluinn thu nach cluinn thu a chluinneas tu2
3 masc cluinnidh e an cluinn e cha chluinn e nach cluinn e a chluinneas e
3 fem cluinnidh i an cluinn i cha chluinn i nach cluinn i a chluinneas i
1 pl cluinnidh sinn an cluinn sinn cha chluinn sinn nach cluinn sinn a chluinneas sinn
2 pl cluinnidh sibh an cluinn sibh cha chluinn sibh nach cluinn sibh a chluinneas sibh
3 pl cluinnidh iad an cluinn iad cha chluinn iad nach cluinn iad a chluinneas iad

Note:

  1. the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.
  2. Note that in the relative future the pronoun tu is used in lieu of thu.


Impersonal/Passive Voice

Past tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
1 chualas mi an cualas mi cha chualas mi nach cualas mi
2 chualas tu1 an cualas tu cha chualas tu nach cualas tu
3 masc chualas e an cualsa e cha chualas e nach cualas e
3 fem chualas i an cualas i cha chualas i nach cualas i
1 pl chualas sinn an cualas sinn cha chualas sinn nach cualas sinn
2 pl chualas sibh an cualas sibh cha chualas sibh nach cualas sibh
3 pl chualas iad an cualas iad cha chualas iad nach cualas iad

Notes:

  1. The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu

Present tense

The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. But if forced, one would use a passive periphrastic construction using the present tense of the verb bi followed by the derived subject followed by air and finally the verb in verbal noun form:

Tha mi air chluinntinn
be.pres 1s passive hear.vn
"I am heard"

Future tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question Relative Future
1 cluinnear mi an cluinnear mi cha chluinnear mi nach cluinnear mi a chluinnear mi
2 cluinnear thu an cluinnear thu cha chluinnear thu nach cluinnear thu a chluinnear tu
3 masc cluinnear e an cluinnear e cha chluinnear e nach cluinnear e a chluinnear e
3 fem cluinnear i an cluinnear i cha chluinnear i nach cluinnear i a chluinnear i
1 pl cluinnear sinn an cluinnear sinn cha chluinnear sinn nach cluinnear sinn a chluinnear sinn
2 cluinnear sibh an cluinnear sibh cha chluinnear sibh nach cluinnear sibh a chluinnear sibh
3 pl cluinnear iad an cluinnear iad cha chluinnear iad nach cluinnear iad a chluinnear iad

Note, the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a. Note that in the relative future the pronoun tu is used in lieu of thu.


Conditional Mood

Past tense

Declarative Question Negative Negative Question
1 chluinninn1 an cluinninn cha chluinninn nach cluinninn
2 chluinneadh tu2 an cluinneadh tu cha chluinneadh tu nach cluinneadh tu
3 masc chluinneadh e an cluinneadh e cha chluinneadh e nach cluinneadh e
3 fem chluinneadh i an cluinneadh i cha chluinneadh i nach cluinneadh i
1 pl chluinneadh sinn an cluinneadh sinn cha chluinneadh sinn nach cluinneadh sinn
2 pl chluinneadh sibh an cluinneadh sibh cha chluinneadh sibh nach cluinneadh sibh
3 pl chluinneadh iad an cluinneadh iad cha chluinneadh iad nach cluinneadh iad

Notes:

  1. The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
  2. The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu

cluinnte mi I would be heard cluinneam 'let me hear' cluinn! "hear!" Cluinnibh "hear.pl!" cluinneadh e "let him hear"

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