Difference between revisions of "Verb Inflection"
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==Conditional Mood== | ==Conditional Mood== | ||
| + | First person singular | ||
| + | *Lenite the root | ||
| + | *suffix -(a)inn | ||
| + | *do not use the pronoun mi. The inflected form includes the 1st person information) | ||
| + | |||
| + | Archaic first person plural (This form is rarely used anymore, instead the regular form just below plus the pronoun sinn is used) | ||
| + | *Lenite the root | ||
| + | *suffix -(e)amaid | ||
| + | *do not use the pronoun sinn. The inflected form includes the 1st person information. | ||
| + | |||
| + | All forms except First person | ||
| + | *Lenite the root | ||
| + | *suffix -eadh or -adh | ||
| + | *2nd person singular is ''tu'' rather than ''thu'' | ||
| + | |||
==Imperative Mood (commands)== | ==Imperative Mood (commands)== | ||
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb. | The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb. | ||
Revision as of 09:54, 6 August 2012
Contents
Past Tense
Declarative
With regular verbs in declarative context, the past tense is formed by leniting the first consonant of the imperative. With vowel initial forms, one prefixes an orthographic <dh'> (pronounced as [ɣ] before broad vowels and [j] before slender ones). Forms beginning with f, are both lenited and preceded by <dh'>
| Imperative | Past Tense | English |
|---|---|---|
| fàg! | dh'fhàg | left |
| ionnsaich | dh'ionnsaich | learnt |
| pòg! | phòg | kissed |
| obair! | dh'obair | worked |
| sabaid! | shabaid | fought |
| sgrìobh! | sgrìobh | wrote |
| ruith | ruith | run |
| seas! | sheas | sat |
| teasgaisg! | theagaisg | taught |
| tog | thog | lifted |
- chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)
In Negatives, Questions and Embedded Clauses
In negatives, questions and declarative embedded clauses, the verb takes its dependent form. In the past tense the dependent form is usually identical to the normal past, but preceded by the particle do. Do is required in formal speech and in prescriptive writing but is often left out in rapid speech. Some dialects (e.g. Lewis) tend to leave the particle off more frequently.
| Past Tense | Question | Negation | Negative Question | Embedded clause | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| phòg | an do phòg | cha do phòg | nach do phòg | gun do phòg | kissed |
| dh'obair | an do dh'obair | cha do dh'obair | nach do dh'obair | gun do dh'obair | worked |
| shabaid | an do shabaid | cha do shabaid | nach do shabaid | gun do shabaid | fought |
| sheas | an do sheas | cha do sheas | nach do sheas | gun do sheas | sat |
| thog | an do thog | cha do thog | nach do thog | gun do thog | lifted |
- chart based on a similar one in Fisher (2004)
Present Tense
Most verbs in Gaelic don't have a present tense. The primary exceptions are the Copula and the verb Bi (auxiliary)
To mark what translates as the present tense in English, there are two strategies. One is to use the progressive:
- Tha mi a' dol ann "I'm going there
When the intention is a habitual, the future tense is used.
- Ithidh mi a' bhiadh a h-uile latha I eat food every day" (literally I will eat food every day)
Future Tense
- Future: Fuirichidh, chan fhuirich, am fuirich, cò fuiricheas
- Future:
- Yes form: suffix -idh (ithidh òlaidh)
- No form: DON'T suffix -idh: Chan ith
- Cha is chan before vowels, and lenites but not d and t. Chan fhag
- Question form: DON'T suffix -idh, no lenition after "an" and "Nach"
- Future tense
- Yes form ROOT +(A)IDH
- No form CHA ROOT
- Q/Neg AN/AM/NACH ROOT
- Rel fut Co etc + ROOT+(e)AS
Relative Future
see also Relative Future
- the root is aspirated
- -(e)as is suffixed.
- The second person pronoun is always tu rather than thu
Conditional Mood
First person singular
- Lenite the root
- suffix -(a)inn
- do not use the pronoun mi. The inflected form includes the 1st person information)
Archaic first person plural (This form is rarely used anymore, instead the regular form just below plus the pronoun sinn is used)
- Lenite the root
- suffix -(e)amaid
- do not use the pronoun sinn. The inflected form includes the 1st person information.
All forms except First person
- Lenite the root
- suffix -eadh or -adh
- 2nd person singular is tu rather than thu
Imperative Mood (commands)
The Imperative (command) form of the verb is usually identical to the dictionary or root form of the verb.
- Fàg 'leave'
When plural or polite, add -(a)ibh to the root form:
- Fàgaibh 'you all leave'
The formation of verbal noun
See Also
External Links
References
- Fisher, Muriel (2004) Scottish Gaelic Level 2. Each-Mara Productions.
- Mark, Colin (200X) Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified. Savage Publishers.
- https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0809&L=GAIDHLIG-B&D=0&P=81674
