Difference between revisions of "Faic (irregular verb)"
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**"An" takes the special form "Am" because it precedes an <f> | **"An" takes the special form "Am" because it precedes an <f> | ||
*The future independent form is irregularly lenited | *The future independent form is irregularly lenited | ||
| − | *Unlike regular verbs, the [[Dependent verb form (definition)|dependent]] past tense particle ''[[Do (tense marker)|do]]'' is never used with '' | + | *Unlike regular verbs, the [[Dependent verb form (definition)|dependent]] past tense particle ''[[Do (tense marker)|do]]'' is never used with ''faic''. |
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*<sup>1</sup> with these forms the pronoun ''tu'' is used instead of ''thu'' | *<sup>1</sup> with these forms the pronoun ''tu'' is used instead of ''thu'' | ||
*<sup>2</sup> these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]]) | *<sup>2</sup> these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb ([[Pro-Drop]]) | ||
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==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)== | ==Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)== | ||
Revision as of 11:04, 1 August 2012
The irregular verb faic means "to see". faic is one of 11 irregular verbs in Gaelic. It uses irregular suppletive forms in the past, the future, the relative future, and independent conditional (Mark 2004:271). The forms ending in <a> or <adh> also irregularly require that when using a 2nd person singular (you), that the pronoun surfaces as tu instead of thu.
Contents
Summary of forms
- Independent forms of the verb faic are used without any particles.
- Dependent forms of the verb faic are used after particles but note
- Cha and Nach take dependent forms but lenite the verb.
- Cha takes the special form chan because <fh> is silent, so the cha> precedes a vowel
- "An" takes the special form "Am" because it precedes an <f>
- The future independent form is irregularly lenited
- Unlike regular verbs, the dependent past tense particle do is never used with faic.
| context | independent | After Chan/Nach | Dependent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic forms | active | past1 | chunnaic | fhaca1 | faca1 |
| Future | chì | fhaic | faic | ||
| Relative Future | --- | chì | |||
| impersonal1 | past | chunnacas 1 | fhacas1 | facas1 | |
| future | chithear | fhaicear | faicear | ||
| relative future | --- | chithear | |||
| Conditional Mood | active | chitheadh1 (chithinn2 in 1st singular) | fhaiceadh1 (fhaicinn2 in 1st sing) | faiceadh1 (faicinn2 in 1st sing) | |
| impersonal | chìte/chìteadh | fhaicte/fhaicteadh/fhaiciste | fhaicte/faicteadh/faiciste | ||
| Imperative Mood | 1st person | singular | faiceam2 | --- | |
| plural | faiceamaid2 | ||||
| 2nd person | singular | faic2 | |||
| plural | faicibh2 | ||||
| 3rd person | faiceadh | ||||
| verbal noun | faicinn | ||||
Notes:
- 1 with these forms the pronoun tu is used instead of thu
- 2 these forms are not used with any subject, they contain the subject in the inflection of the verb (Pro-Drop)
Non Conditional Moods (indicative, interrogative, negative)
Active Voice
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chunnaic mi | am faca mi | chan fhaca mi | nach fhaca mi |
| 2 | Chunnaic thu | am faca tu1 | chan fhaca tu | nach fhaca tu |
| 3 masc | Chunnaic e | am faca e | chan fhaca e | nach fhaca e |
| 3 fem | Chunnaic i | am faca i | chan fhaca i | nach fhaca i |
| 1 pl | Chunnaic sinn | am faca sinn | chan fhaca sinn | nach fhaca sinn |
| 2 pl | Chunnaic sibh | am faca sibh | chan fhaca sibh | nach fhaca sibh |
| 3 pl | Chunnaic iad | am faca iad | chan fhaca iad | nach fhaca iad |
- Irregularly, the 2nd person pronoun shows up as tu instead of thu in forms ending in <a>.
Present tense
As is common in Gaelic, there is no present tense form of the verb. When a simple present meaning ("I hear something") or a progressive meaning (I am hearing something is intended, the periphrastic construction is used with the present tense of the verb bi (be), i.e., tha, along with the verbal noun.
Tha mi a' faicinn be.pres 1s prog see.vn I'm seeing/I see
Future tense
The future tense in Gaelic is used to express the idea that an event will happen sometime after the speech time. Unlike English, the future tense can also be used with a present tense meaning, to express the idea that an action is habitual.
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chì mi | am faic mi | chan fhaic mi | nach fhaic mi | a chì mi |
| 2 | chì thu | am faic thu | chan fhaic thu | nach fhaic thu | a chì thu |
| 3 masc | chì e | am faic e | chan fhaic e | nach fhaic e | a chì e |
| 3 fem | chì i | am faicn i | chan fhaic i | nach fhaic i | a chì i |
| 1 pl | chì sinn | am faic sinn | chan fhaic sinn | nach fhaic sinn | a chì sinn |
| 2 pl | chì sibh | am faic sibh | chan fhaic sibh | nach fhaic sibh | a chì sibh |
| 3 pl | chì iad | am faic iad | chan fhaic iad | nach fhaic iad | a chì iad |
Note:
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as ma or the particle used with questions a.
Impersonal/Passive Voice
Gaelic verbs don't technically have a Passive verb form. Instead the passive is typically represented through a periphrastic construction using the verbs Rach or Tha + the passive marker air. It does, however, have an impersonal form. The Impersonal is used to indicate an indeterminate subject. chunnacas can be best translated as "someone saw". Use of a pronoun is completely optional. So "Chunnacas" is a completely well-formed sentence. When used with a pronoun, the pronoun represents the logical object of the verb. So "Chunnacas mi" means "Someone saw me". This is often translated as "I was seen", hence the typical "passive" label.
Since Gaelic doesn't distinguish between subject and object pronouns (unlike it's sibling Modern Irish), it is very difficult to determine if these pronouns are subjects or objects. We list them here as if they were subjects, with the understanding that the pronouns in the following tables represent the logical objects of the verb (the person who was heard, not the hearer).
Past tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chunnacas mi | am facas mi | chan fhacas mi | nach fhacas mi |
| 2 | Chunnacas tu1 | an cualas tu | chan fhacas tu | nach fhacas tu |
| 3 masc | Chunnacas e | am facas e | chan fhacas e | nach fhacas e |
| 3 fem | Chunnacas i | am facas i | chan fhacas i | nach fhacas i |
| 1 pl | Chunnacas sinn | am facas sinn | chan fhacas sinn | nach fhacas sinn |
| 2 pl | Chunnacas sibh | am facas sibh | chan fhacas sibh | nach fhacas sibh |
| 3 pl | Chunnacas iad | am facas iad | chan fhacas iad | nach fhacas iad |
Notes:
- The pronoun tu is used after forms ending in <as> instead of thu
Present tense
The use of a passive in the present tense is odd, even in English. But if forced, one would use a passive periphrastic construction using the present tense of the verb bi followed by the derived subject followed by air and finally the verb in verbal noun form:
Tha mi air faicinn be.pres 1s passive see.vn "I am seen"
Future tense
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | Relative Future1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chithear mi | am faicear mi | chan fhaicear mi | nach fhaicear mi | a chithear mi |
| 2 | chithear thu | am faicear thu | chan fhaicear thu | nach fhaicear thu | a chithear thu |
| 3 masc | chithear e | am faicear e | chan fhaicear e | nach fhaicear e | a chithear e |
| 3 fem | chithear i | am faicear i | chan fhaicear i | nach fhaicear i | a chithear i |
| 1 pl | chithear sinn | am faicear sinn | chan fhaicearr sinn | nach fhaicear sinn | a chithear sinn |
| 2 | chithear sibh | am faicear sibh | chan fhaicear sibh | nach fhaicear sibh | a chithear sibh |
| 3 pl | chithear iad | am faicear iad | chan fhaicear iad | nach fhaicear iad | a chithear iad |
Notes
- the relative future is used after certain particles such as a the particle used with questions, or ma "if".
Conditional Mood
Active
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chithinn1 | am faicinn1 | chan fhaicinn1 | nach fhaicinn1 |
| 2 | Chitheadh tu2 | am faiceadh tu | chan fhaiceadh tu | nach fhaiceadh tu |
| 3 masc | Chitheadh e | am faiceadh e | chan fhaiceadh e | nach fhaiceadh e |
| 3 fem | Chitheadh i | am faiceadh i | chan fhaiceadh i | nach fhaiceadh i |
| 1 pl | Chitheadh sinn (Chitheamaid3) | am faiceadh sinn (am faiceamaid3) | chan fhaiceadh sinn (chan fhaiceamaid3) | nach fhaiceadh sinn (nach fhaiceamaid3) |
| 2 pl | Chitheadh sibh | am faiceadh sibh | chan fhaiceadh sibh | nach fhaiceadh sibh |
| 3 pl | Chitheadh iad | an faiceadh iad | chan fhaiceadh iad | nach fhaiceadh iad |
Notes:
- The 1st person singular form is never used with an overt pronoun, the verb contains the pronoun already.
- The pronoun tu is used here instead of thu
- The 1st person plural has a special inflected form, which like the first person singular is never used with a pronoun. This 1st person plural form is rarely used anymore.
Impersonal/Passive
Remember that the pronouns in this chart are the object pronouns
| Declarative | Question | Negative | Negative Question | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chite mi | an faicte mi | chan fhaicte mi | nach fhaicte mi |
| 2 | chìte thu | an faicte thu | chan fhaicte thu | nach fhaicte thu |
| 3 masc | chìte e | an faicte e | chan fhaicte e | nach fhaicte e |
| 3 fem | chìte i | an faicte i | chan fhaicte i | nach fhaicte i |
| 1 pl | chìte sinn | an faicte sinn | chan fhaicte sinn | nach fhaicte sinn |
| 2 pl | chìte sibh | an faicte sibh | chan fhaicte sibh | nach fhaicte sibh |
| 3 pl | chìte iad | an faicte iad | chan fhaicte iad | nach fhaicte iad |
Imperative Mood
The Imperative mood is used when giving a command. 2nd person imperatives are the most common. The other imperative forms given above are extremely rare.
- The 2nd person singular: faic!
- The 2nd person plural/polite: faicibh
References
- Black, Ronald (2006) Cothrom Ionnsachaidh Peebles: Self-published.
- Byrne, Michel (2002) Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Eilean Leòdhais: Stòrlann-Acair.
- Deiseal Earranta tta (2006) Reference Cards: Sealbhairean Roimhearach/Riochdairean Roimhearach.
- Mark, Colin (2004) The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla. London: Routledge
- Mark, Colin (2006), Gaelic Verbs: Systemised and Simplified" 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Steve Savage Publishers. http://www.savagepublishers.com/138.html
- Lamb, William (2003) Scottish Gaelic. 2nd edition. Munich: Lingcom Europa
